Documents labour mobility 792 results

"Learning about the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives is a topic of major concern for immigrant-receiving countries. Using data from Spain, where the immigrant population has risen from 4% to 13% within a decade, we find that immigration appears to have affected the task specialization of natives without affecting their employment levels. However, the impact of immigration on the relative task supply of natives is twice as great in Spain as in the United States. The magnitude of the immigration impact in a country with a large share of immigrants originating from Spanish-speaking countries suggests that host country language proficiency is not the sole factor driving the observed impact. Additionally, the analysis reveals significant gender differences in the impact of immigration on the relative task supply of natives, possibly resting on the occupational concentration of immigrants and native occupational segregation patterns by gender, among other factors."

"Are labor markets more turbulent now than thirty years ago? Most job and worker flows imply that the answer is “no”, with one exception: occupational mobility, which increased substantially in the United States. This paper remedies the lack of comparable evidence by focusing on France for the years 1982 to 2009. After correcting for various statistical biases and discrepancies that affect the measurement of occupational mobility, it documents this reallocation process overall and in different subgroups. The data reveal that, over the period considered, the fraction of workers switching occupation exhibits no trend in the aggregate because changing demographics mask increases in mobility within several age and education groups. After taking these composition effects into account, occupational mobility increased sharply in France as well."

"The question we investigate empirically in this article is whether immigration makes the labour supply in the receiving country more responsive to regional differences in economic opportunities. The main merit of the paper is that we examine three stages in the regional mobility of refugees and labour immigrants: First, the settlement pattern of newly arrived immigrants, second, their subsequent mobility between regions and, third, their eventual exit from the regional labour market to abroad. The analyses apply to immigrants who arrived in Norway from 1995 to 2004. In all three stages, mobility is investigated with regard to its responsiveness to regional differences in wages and unemployment. The main finding is that, in all three stages, the geographical mobility of immigrants is sensitive to regional economic opportunities. In that sense, immigrants do “grease the wheels” of the labour markets, through all the three stages of mobility. The most robust results are found for regional unemployment differences. With regard to natives, we generally do not find any strong evidence for “greasing the wheels” effects."

"In this study, we review the patterns of low pay in Europe. We first describe the evolution of aggregate low-wage employment and the incidence of low pay among several groups of workers, then we look at the compositional changes that occurred in recent decades. Given the prevalence of wage regulation and collective bargaining in most European countries, we also analyse the role of labour market institutions on low pay. We show that minimum wages and union presence do play a relevant role in reducing wage inequalities. Finally, we investigate low pay in the long run and the evolution of earnings over the life-cycle. We show that earnings mobility has an equalizing effect over the long-run but its impact is small over 6/7 years. Empirical evidence from a number of OECD countries confirms that earnings inequality between individuals is lower when earnings are pooled over a number of years but, for Britain at least, the extent to which mobility reduces inequality has fallen over time suggesting a fall in mobility and an increase in long run inequality."

"Empirical studies of interregional mobility routinely use regional unemployment differentials to characterize economic incentives to move between regions. In this paper, we present a new regional labour market indicator computed from survey data in which respondents are asked to evaluate local employment opportunities in their resident municipality and surroundings. The subjective measures of satisfaction with local employment opportunities have positive and significant impact on interregional migration flows, also when controlling for traditional measures of regional labour market conditions, including the regional unemployment rate. Contrary to most European studies, we find that regional labour market conditions have a strong effect on interregional migration flows."

"Focusing on Spain, where fixed-term workers account for a third of the wage and salary workforce, we examine the wage growth implications of fixed-term employment of varying duration while distinguishing between wage growth occurring on-the-job versus via job mobility. Wage growth among employees with indefinite work contracts largely occurs via job mobility, whereas fixed-term workers gain via job mobility as well as on-the-job. Consequently, job stayers with fixed-term contracts a year ago narrow their wage gap with respect to similar counterparts with indefinite-term contracts. Yet, this effect is solely driven by the 10.5 percentage points higher wage growth experienced by fixed-term workers with 6-months contracts able to keep their jobs beyond their initial contract period. Given the limited number of short-term temporary workers in those circumstances, the overall wage gap between past fixed-term and indefinite-term workers is unlikely to vanish in the near future."

"Après la grande crise du début des années 1990, les pays nordiques ont réformé leur modèle et ont rapidement retrouvé la croissance. Champions de l'efficacité économique comme de l'équité dans les années 2000, ils ont également bien résisté à la crise économique après 2008. Ces deux crises étaient dues à des échecs en matière de politique économique et financière et non à un modèle social. Dans les années 1990, de grands changements ont été décidés pour coordonner les politiques économiques et les salaires, sauf au Danemark, où les dévaluations ont favorisé les exportations et donc la reprise économique. En consolidant leurs budgets et en redynamisant leur demande intérieure, les pays nordiques ont investi dans des politiques d'éducation et d'emploi pour préserver leur modèle social. Les politiques d'activation ont le plus souvent pu perdurer, à certaines conditions, le taux de chômage a plongé et les inégalités sont restées limitées. Fortement touchés par la crise de 2008, les pays nordiques ont pu poursuivre des politiques légèrement contra-cycliques et se redresser grâce aux réformes mises en œuvre avant la crise et à des finances publiques solides. Hors de la zone euro, la Suède et la Norvège ont, elles, tiré profit de dévaluations décidées dès le début de la crise. La Finlande et le Danemark ont subi des périodes de déclin plus importantes – le Danemark en raison de l'éclatement de sa bulle spéculative –, mais tous les pays nordiques, à l'exception de la Finlande, s'acheminaient vers une reprise en 2014. Cependant, une certaine instabilité politique, le vieillissement et la plus grande diversité de la population ainsi que la hausse du taux de chômage ont suscité de nouvelles incertitudes quant à la façon dont les pays nordiques devront adapter leur modèle social dans le futur."