"This article analyses some implications for trade unions of social pacts. Unions' participation in tripartite agreements has been one response to tensions triggered by the decentralisation and individualisation of employment relations. However, their involvement in social pacts renders it increasingly difficult for unions to strike a positive-sum balance between competing logics of influence and membership. Following an analysis of four countries with social pacts, this article shows that trade unions' participation in social pacts has been most successful when unions have pursued a strategy of ‘articulation' between their different levels of organisation by enhancing the participation of rank-and-file members in decision making and by strengthening company level representation structures."

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