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"Issues of justice, freedom and equality have preoccupied humanity since the emergence of the earliest social communities.
The paths and steps towards achieving these general goals have been as varied as the places, people and organisations involved. Put simply, there is no single blueprint for social progress.
Movements in Europe resulting in improved social conditions have arisen from a multitude of factors and trends. Humanism, the Enlightenment, workers', women's and civil rights movements, the international peace movement and countless small- and large-scale currents and initiatives have contributed to social progress and emancipation in European countries. The pathways may have differed, but the goals have been the same.
Featuring examples from 13 nations across Europe, this publication aims to give readers a better understanding of how the situation has developed in these countries, to foster mutual learning and to encourage further engagement with the specific histories of social progress in Europe. This is a desire shared by all those who participated in this project. After all, recognising and accepting similarities and differences is one of the key prerequisites for developing viable ideas and programmes for a social, just and peaceful Europe."

"Les questions de justice, de liberté et d'égalité des droits occupent les hommes depuis la naissance des premières communautés sociales. Les chemins et les étapes dans la poursuite de ces grands objectifs sont aussi divers que les lieux où elle s'est développée et les acteurs qui y ont contribué. En un mot : il n'existe pas de panacée ni de modèle unique pour le progrès social. Les mouvements qui, en Europe, ont conduit à de meilleures conditions sociales, s'articulent sur de nombreux moments forts et s'inspirent d'un grand nombre d'orientations. Humanisme, Lumières, mouvement ouvrier, des femmes ou pour les droits des citoyens, mouvement international pour la paix, sans compter d'innombrables initiatives et courants, les uns limités ou éphémères, d'autres majeurs : tous ont contribué au progrès social et à l'émancipation dans les pays européens. Les objectifs sont communs, mais à chacun sa route ! À l'aide d'exemples tirés de l'expérience de treize pays d'Europe, ce recueil de textes veut ouvrir à une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution sociale dans ces pays, favoriser l'apprentissage mutuel et inciter à une plus grande attention portée aux aspects variés de l'histoire des progrès sociaux en Europe. C'est le vœu de tous ceux qui ont participé à ce projet; car la reconnaissance et l'acceptation de ce que nous avons en commun et de différent est l'une des conditions nécessaires pour formuler des idées et des programmes pertinents pour une Europe sociale, juste et pacifique."

"L'essere umano si è occupato delle questioni relative a giustizia, libertà e uguaglianza sin da quando sorsero le prime forme di comunità sociale. I percorsi e le fasi verso il raggiungimento di questi obiettivi generali sono tanto vari quanto la molteplicità di luoghi e soggetti. Si potrebbe riassumere affermando che non si può pianificare il progresso sociale. I movimenti europei che conducono e hanno condotto a condizioni migliori sotto il profilo sociale derivano da molte fasi e orientamenti. L'Umanesimo, l'Illuminismo, i movimenti per i diritti civili in generale e nella specie a favore dei lavoratori e della popolazione femminile, i movimenti pacifisti internazionali nonché le innumerevoli correnti ed iniziative di maggiore o minore portata hanno contribuito tutti al progresso sociale e all'emancipazione nei paesi europei: stessi obiettivi, percorsi propri! Il presente libro di lettura, grazie ad esempi raccolti in tredici nazioni europee, si prefigge di contribuire ad una migliore comprensione degli sviluppi verificatisi in tali paesi. Esso deve stimolare l'apprendimento reciproco e indurre a continuare ad occuparsi di vicende specifiche del progresso sociale in Europa. Questo era e rimane l'auspicio di tutti coloro che hanno partecipato al progetto, poiché il riconoscimento e l'accettazione delle analogie e delle differenze costituiscono presupposti necessari per lo sviluppo di idee e programmi finalizzati ad un'esistenza socialmente equa e pacifica, in Europa e per l'Europa."

"LOS TEMAS relacionados con la justicia, la libertad y la igualdad vienen interesando a la humanidad desde la aparición de las primeras comunidades sociales. Los caminos y los pasos hacia la realización de estos objetivos generales han sido tan variados como los lugares y los actores implicados. O sea: no existe un modelo único para el progreso social.
Los movimientos en Europa que han dado lugar a una mejora de las condiciones sociales han surgido de una multitud de factores y tendencias. El humanismo, la Iluminación, los movimientos de trabajadores, mujeres y derechos civiles, el movimiento internacional por la paz e innumerables corrientes e iniciativas a pequeña y gran escala han contribuido al progreso social y a la emancipación en los países europeos. Los caminos pueden haber sido diferentes pero los objetivos eran los mismos.
Esta publicación, que incluye ejemplos de 13 países de toda Europa, pretende ofrecer a los lectores una mejor comprensión de cómo ha ido evolucionando la situación en estos países, fomentar el aprendizaje mutuo y potenciar un compromiso continuado con las historias específicas del progreso social en Europa. Éste es un deseo compartido por todos los que participaron en este proyecto. Al fin y al cabo, reconocer y aceptar similitudes y diferencias es uno de los requisitos previos clave para desarrollar ideas y programas viables para una Europa social, justa y pacífica."

"Pytania dotyczace sprawiedliwosci, wolnosci i równosci zajmuja ludzkosc od momentu powstania najwczesniejszych formacji społecznych. Działania podejmowane w celu zapewnienia tych ogólnych wartosci maja rózne formy i zaleza od miejsca oraz zaangazowanych podmiotów. Mozna rzec, ze postep społeczny nie przebiega wszedzie w oparciu o jeden uniwersalny plan.
Europejskie ruchy, które doprowadziły i nadal daza do zapewnienia lepszych warunków socjalnych, napedzane sa wieloma bodźcami i rozwijaja sie w róznych kierunkach. Do postepu społecznego i emancypacji w krajach europejskich przyczyniły sie takie idee i prady jak humanizm, oswiecenie, ruch robotniczy i kobiecy czy ogólny ruch na rzecz praw obywatelskich, miedzynarodowy ruch na rzecz pokoju oraz wiele innych, mniejszych i wiekszych nurtów i inicjatyw. Wspólne cele – rózne sposoby na ich osiagniecie!
Celem zbioru jest zilustrowanie procesu rozwoju idei społecznych na przykładzie trzynastu krajów europejskich. Ma to słuzyc promowaniu wzajemnego uczenia sie od siebie i zachecic do dalszego poznawania historii postepu społecznego w poszczególnych krajach kontynentu. Taki był i jest zamysł wszystkich osób zaangazowanych w projekt. Dostrzezenie i akceptacja podobieństw i róznic jest jednym z warunków niezbednych dla rozwoju zrównowazonych idei i programów na rzecz swiadomego społecznie, sprawiedliwego i pokojowego zycia w Europie i dla Europy."

"Using a recent and rich Spanish data set on immigrants, we examine the impact of legal status on two measures of labor market performance: the likelihood of being employed and earnings. The Spanish case is of special interest given the rapid increase in immigration over the past 15 years and the large number of amnesties granted during the 1990s and 2000s. We find that a 10 per cent increase in the share of legal immigrants would raise the overall employment likelihood of immigrants by 4 percentage points and their earnings by 3.3 per cent. The results, which prove robust to alternative sample specifications, confirm the well-known importance of being legal for the economic assimilation of immigrants."

"Learning about the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives is a topic of major concern for immigrant-receiving countries. Using data from Spain, where the immigrant population has risen from 4% to 13% within a decade, we find that immigration appears to have affected the task specialization of natives without affecting their employment levels. However, the impact of immigration on the relative task supply of natives is twice as great in Spain as in the United States. The magnitude of the immigration impact in a country with a large share of immigrants originating from Spanish-speaking countries suggests that host country language proficiency is not the sole factor driving the observed impact. Additionally, the analysis reveals significant gender differences in the impact of immigration on the relative task supply of natives, possibly resting on the occupational concentration of immigrants and native occupational segregation patterns by gender, among other factors."

"This paper is the first to examine the implications of switching to PT work for women's subsequent earnings trajectories, distinguishing by their type of contract: permanent or fixed-term. Using a rich longitudinal Spanish data set from Social Security records of over 76,000 prime-aged women strongly attached to the Spanish labor market, we find that the PT/FT hourly wage differential is larger and more persistent among fixed-term contract workers, strengthening the existent evidence that these workers can be classified as secondary. The paper discusses problems arising in empirical estimation (including a problem not discussed in the literature up to now: the differential measurement error of the LHS variable by PT status), and how to address them. It concludes with policy implications relevant for Continental Europe and its dual structure of employment protection."

"In this paper we present empirical evidence on the relationship between board remuneration of a sample of large Spanish companies and a set of explanatory variables such as performance and size of the company. The objective is to provide additional empirical evidence based on the agency theory for the Spanish institutional context, which differs from most 'Anglo–Saxon' model studies. We focus on the impact of a company's governance structure on the relationship between pay and performance. Specifically, we consider ownership concentration and firm leverage as key determinants of the board–shareholders relationship. Our results confirm the positive relationship between board remuneration and company performance, which is stronger for book values than for stock market measures. Industry performance also explains the remuneration and provides useful information for evaluating board behaviour. Company size is also related to board remuneration and affects the pay–performance relationship, although it is not relevant when we use an elasticity approach. Finally, the governance structure of companies is relevant when explaining the power of the compensation–performance relationship, and differences between the impact of ownership concentration and firm leverage on this relationship are found."

"The paper takes issue with demand-based interpretations of the consequences of deregulation through temporary employment in Spain. According to demand-based accounts, the introduction of temporary contracts has helped to generate and maintain a secondary segment in the Spanish labour market, in which specific product market conditions generate a need for highly flexible contracts to perform low-skilled tasks. In contrast to this view, the paper argues that partial deregulation has also had important segmenting consequences amongst Spanish professionals, despite the high levels of asset specificity and monitoring costs involved in their job tasks. Drawing on the analysis of the Spanish Labour Force Survey for the period 1987–1997, the paper presents empirical evidence that shows how, when introduced in a context of high unemployment and high dismissal costs for the permanent workforce, temporary contracts can generate a process of polarization of employment chances within both manual and professional occupations. The segmenting consequences of partial deregulation have, therefore, been more severe, pervasive and pernicious than it is acknowledged by demand-based accounts."