"This study compares the effectiveness of bargaining institutions in regulating temporary contracts in Austrian, German and Spanish call centres. Unions' capacities to bargain over the expansion and conditions of temporary contract use are shaped by bargaining structures and state regulation of various temporary contract types. National capacities to regulate the use of outsourcing and coordinate collective agreements with workplace bargaining are particularly effective in limiting the use of temporary contracts. Nonetheless, cross-national analysis indicates that employers are adept at exploiting very specific forms of temporary contracts in order to circumvent regulations and evade collective bargaining."

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