"Three case studies of worker organizations that are affiliated with the Communications Workers of America (CWA) and that do not hold collective bargaining rights are compared as a way to discuss the concept of "open-source unionism (OSU)," as expounded by Richard B. Freeman and Joel Rogers. The article evaluates three CWA affiliates to determine if they utilize the attributes of OSU. We argue that the efforts are examples of nascent unions that might better be described as "open unionism." The three projects are open to various levels of attachment for workers but engage in collective activities to represent workers and mobilize workers and engage in public campaigns to win specific gains from employers."

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