Documents USA 5 765 results

"This study investigates the causal effects of education on individuals' transitions between employment and unemployment, with particular focus on the extent to which education improves re-employment outcomes among unemployed workers. Given that positive correlations between education and labour force transitions are likely to be confounded by the endogeneity of education, we make use of data on compulsory schooling laws and child labour laws as well as conscription risk in the Vietnam War period to create instrumental variables to identify the causal relationships. Results indicate that education significantly increases re-employment rates of the unemployed. Particularly large impacts are found in the neighborhoods of 12 and 16 years of schooling. Evidence on the impact of formal schooling on unemployment incidence is mixed."

"This article focuses on the effects on labour of the United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The author makes a brief introductory reference to the origins of international labour law and the new developments in worker protection in times of globalization, highlighting the social clause, among other mechanisms. The social clause in Chapter 18 of the United States-Chile FTA is examined, basically identifying four types of standards: Labour commitments, labour obligations, cooperation, and procedures. Since labour commitments constitute soft law guidelines, their practical efficacy is equivalent to that of a policy statement. On the other hand, a breach of Labour Obligations can result in financial penalties for the offender. However, these Labour Obligations are limited to monitoring the enforcement of each Member State's existing labour laws. The social clause is, therefore, fairly sterile, and the author concludes that the worker protection mechanisms in this type of FTA are in need of reformulation."

"This article presents a political economy analysis of extreme work hours in 18 advanced Western economies since the 1970s. Empirically, it shows that the culture of long work hours has gained significance not only in the Anglo-Saxon but also in most Continental European welfare states. Theoretically, it provides an institutionalist argument against the neoclassical, or supply-side, point of view on the drivers of long work hours in post-industrial labour markets. It demonstrates that the choice to work long hours is not entirely, or even mainly, left to the preference of the individual. Instead, individual choices are constrained by labour market policies, collective bargaining institutions and new labour market structures, the pattern and trends of which do not necessarily follow the contours of the regime typology. Data on extreme work hours was compiled from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Multinational Time Use Study micro-data collections."

"This book presents a broad-ranging survey of contemporary writing about work and employment. It identifies three broad traditions of research and commentary on work - the unitary perspective, the pluralist perspective and the critical perspective - and describes the contemporary output of these traditions; i.e. it surveys current research and argument found within these traditions. The book also surveys debate between these traditions, and the second part of the book presents a detailed account of debate over four current issues. These issues are employee participation, customer culture, equality and diversity and the impact of the global financial crisis. The source material for the book comes from the UK, USA and other countries and the arguments contained within it have international relevance. The book provides an overview of recent work on the employment relationship and the debate and controversy that can be seen in this area of study. Framing Work will be of interest to academics researching and writing about employment and to advanced students in Industrial Relations, Human Resource Management, Organization Studies, and Sociology."

"Data suggests that workplace bullying is prevalent. However, as many regard workplace bullying as a social matter of human behaviour, lawmakers and the legal fraternity in some jurisdictions, including South Africa, have thus far failed to implement legislative and regulatory measures to protect employees, employers and society at large from this devastating phenomenon. This article argues that bullying indeed poses a legal dilemma: Not all bullying deeds are necessarily illegal, yet their effects are devastating to victims. This constitutes a lacuna in the legal system, often leaving stakeholders without sufficient legal protection. In this contribution, the legal position on workplace bullying in South Africa, where the problem is prevalent, though attracting little attention thus far, is discussed against the backdrop of the position in the United States and other jurisdictions. It concludes by not only showing sufficient reason why employers, unions and the legal fraternity in South Africa (and elsewhere) should care about workplace bullying, but also by tendering suggestions as to how it could be actively dealt with and prohibited."

"Les accords trouvés par l'UAW et les « Big 3 » de l'automobile à l'automne 2015, s'ils ne sont pas complètement à la hauteur des espoirs attendus par les salariés, mettent fin cependant à une décennie contractuelle de concessions salariales continues qui a accompagné une restructuration drastique du secteur aux États-Unis. Il serait cependant erroné de penser que ces accords, ainsi que la reprise du marché automobile outre atlantique, puissent être les signes d'une renaissance du fordisme, tant la sortie de crise des « Big 3 » paraît fragile et loin d'être basée sur des fondamentaux."

"Taxol is arguably the most celebrated, talked-about and controversial natural product in recent years. It is celebrated because of its efficacy as an anti-cancer drug and because its discovery has provided powerful support for policies concerned with biodiversity; talked about because in the late 1980s and early 1990s the American public was bombarded with news reports and special programmes about the molecule and its host, the Pacific yew; and controversial because during the early 1990s the drug and the tree became embroiled in a number of very sensitive political issues with wide implications for the conduct of public policy. The Story of Taxol tells this story."