Documents America 20 results

"Gender differences in concern about climate change are highly correlated with economic development: when countries are wealthier, a gap emerges whereby women are more likely than men to express concern about our changing climate. These differences stem from cross-national variation in men's attitudes. Men, more than women, tend to be less concerned about climate change when countries are wealthier. This article develops a new theory about the perceived costs and benefits of climate mitigation policy to explain this pattern. At the country level, the perceived benefits of mitigation tend to decrease with economic development, whereas the perceived costs increase. At the individual level, the perceived costs of mitigation tend to increase with economic development for men more than for women. Evidence from existing surveys from every world region, an original 10-country survey in the Americas and Europe, and focus groups in Peru and the United States support the theory."

"Global supply chains (GSCs) have become an integral part of the global economy, changing the patterns of trade, investment, and production in global industries. While the rise of GSCs poses new opportunities and challenges to workers, its impacts have yet to be fully understood. Building on a growing body of literature on GSCs and labour standards, this paper examines how the emergence and change of the fragmented cross-national production system affects social upgrading in developing countries, focusing on the impact of private governance on labour conditions and workers' rights. It discusses emerging trends in GSCs during the post-crisis period and their impacts on social upgrading, highlighting the unevenness of social upgrading and the role of global buyers in the differentiation of labour conditions among workers. The paper discusses the role of private voluntary standards in governing labour relations in GSCs, and their limitations and tensions with buyers' purchasing practices. It concludes with a discussion of the future of labour governance in GSCs in terms of improving the effectiveness of private governance and building a complementary and synergistic relationship across private, public and social governance for sustainable economic and social upgrading in GSCs."

"In 1770 a handful of European nations ruled the Americas, drawing from them a stream of products, both everyday and exotic. Some two and a half million black slaves, imprisoned in plantation colonies, toiled to produce the sugar, coffee, cotton, ginger and indigo craved by Europeans. By 1848 the major systems of colonial slavery had been swept away either by independence movements, slave revolts, abolitionists or some combination of all three. How did this happen?



Robin Blackburn's history captures the complexity of a revolutionary age in a compelling narrative. In some cases colonial rule fell while slavery flourished, as happened in the South of the United States and in Brazil; elsewhere slavery ended but colonial rule remained, as in the British West Indies and French Windwards. But in French St. Domingue, the future Haiti, and in Spanish South and Central America both colonialism and slavery were defeated. This story of slave liberation and American independence highlights the pivotal role of the "first emancipation" in the French Antilles in the 1790s, the parallel actions of slave resistance and metropolitan abolitionism, and the contradictory implications of slaveholder patriotism.



The dramatic events of this epoch are examined from an unexpected vantage point, showing how the torch of anti-slavery passed from the medieval communes to dissident Quakers, from African maroons to radical pirates, from Granville Sharp and Ottabah Cuguano to Toussaint L'Ouverture, from the black Jacobins to the Liberators of South America, and from the African Baptists in Jamaica to the Revolutionaries of 1848 in Europe and the Caribbean."

"A companion volume to "The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery", this book traces European doctrines of race and slavery, from medieval times to the early-modern epoch. At the time when European powers colonized the Americas, the institution of slavery had almost disappeared from Europe itself. Having overcome an institution widely regarded as oppressive, why did they sponsor the construction of racial slavery in their new colonies. The book finds in the emergent West both a stigmatization of the ethno-religious "other" and a new culture of consumption, freed from earlier moral restrictions. Robin Blackburn argues that independent commerce, geared to burgeoning consumer markets, was the driving force behind the rise of plantation slavery. The baroque state fed greedily off this commerce whilst unsuccessfully seeking to regulate slavery. Successive chapters consider the deployment of slaves in the colonial possessions of the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch, the English and the French. Robin Blackburn argues that the organization of slave plantations placed the West on a destructive path to modernity and that greatly preferable alternatives were both proposed and rejected. Finally, he shows that the surge of Atlantic trade, premissed on the killing toil of the plantations, made a decisive contributions to both the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the West."

L'auteur dresse le bilan de l'entrée en vigueur des lois sur le harcèlement sexuel au travail. A cet effet, elle se livre à un examen de la jurisprudence intervenue depuis 1990 en Amérique du Nord, en Europe, en Afrique et dans la région Asie-Pacifique. Après avoir fait le point sur l'état du droit national et international, elle passe en revue un certain nombre d'affaires déterminantes jugées par les tribunaux en vertu du droit du travail, des lois contre la discrimination, des textes relatifs à l'égalité des chances, aux droits de l'homme ou à la santé et à la sécurité des travailleurs ainsi que du droit civil ou pénal. Elle relève les tendances qui s'amorcent: définition du harcèlement sexuel comme une discrimination dans l'emploi; importance du cadre juridique de référence ainsi que de la composition de l'instance saisie; responsabilités respectives de la personne fautive et de l'employeur; niveau des réparations et sanctions.

"What aspirations are motivating today's youth? How do they view family, employment, or society as a whole? As of what age is one considered “young”? At what age is one no longer young?
In order to tackle these far-reaching issues, we are relying upon an international survey of 22,000 people conducted by Kairos Future Institute in partnership with the Fondation pour l'innovation politique: 1,000 young people aged 16 to 29, and 300 people aged 30 to 50, were interviewed in each of the 17 countries surveyed in Europe, Asia and in the United States.
We have found that, far from being disengaged, today's youth is sending strong messages to politicians. Autonomy, participation, balance, and a collective project—such are the imperatives that must guide any youth-oriented political action."