Documents Kalugina, Ekaterina 4 results

"Les auteurs cherchent à évaluer la relation entre pauvreté et participation au marché du travail en Russie. Pour ce faire, ils utilisent deux mesures de la pauvreté : une mesure en termes de seuil absolu (être pauvre) et une mesure subjective (se sentir pauvre) afin de recueillir une auto-évaluation du niveau de pauvreté de ceux auprès desquels à été réalisée l'enquête au cours de la période 1994 - 2000. La seule participation au marché du travail ne suffit pas à évaluer les risques de pauvreté. Dans un contexte de forte réduction des revenus du secteur formel et de crise du salariat, il apparaît nécessaire de tenir compte des différents statuts existants sur le marché russe : formel, informel et pluri-activité. L'étude aboutit à la conclusion suivante : détenir un emploi salarié – formel - correspond actuellement à la situation matérielle la plus précaire en Russie. En effet, avoir un seul emploi déclaré - dans le secteur formel - accroît la probabilité à la fois d'être et de se sentir pauvre. A l'inverse, la probabilité d'être ou de se sentir pauvre est la plus faible chez les personnes exerçant plusieurs activités."

"This paper has three main objectives: to provide a mapping of quality of work across European countries, to measure its evolution between 1995 and 2005 and to explain the observed trends. This general assessment of quality of work is based on three waves of European Working Conditions Surveys carried out with employed persons in 1995, 2000 and 2005. We analyze the quality of work by measuring the working conditions as well as the intensity and complexity of the work. We find evidence of a decreasing trend in the quality of work in the EU-15 over the 1995-2005 period. Over that period, quality of working conditions has deteriorated, while at the same time, technical and market constraints have become more intense and work complexity has decreased. It is known that work contexts that are very demanding, with high work intensity and low decision latitude, generate stress. Thus, we may infer from the work intensity and complexity trends that mental strain has been on the rise in Europe, while physical working conditions have not improved. To understand the observed trends, we investigate country-level and individual-level heterogeneity in quality of work indicators using multilevel modeling. This permits measuring the sensitivity of descriptive trends to composition effects and testing the significance of “country effects”."

"This working paper examines the relationship between forms of work organisation and vulnerability of the workforce to non-employment. It relies on the data from the first two rounds of the survey on adult skills (PIAAC) carried out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 33 of its member or partner countries. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we identify five forms of work organisation based on the description given by employees of the tasks they perform: Discretionary learning, Constrained learning, Independent, Simple and Taylorist. A multilevel logistic regression is then used to evaluate their impact on vulnerability to non-employment. Vulnerability to nonemployment is defined as the probability to make a transition from employment to nonemployment over a one year period. The results show indeed a significant impact of forms of work organisation on vulnerability to non-employment after controlling for a large number of relevant job and personal characteristics. In particular, employees in Discretionary learning forms of work organisation are the least vulnerable. We also identify labour market policies and institutions which are likely to influence the probability of making a transition to non-employment in relation with the different forms of work organisation. Our results suggest that active labour market policies such as training and employment and start-up incentives amplify the protective effect of Discretionary learning and Independent forms of work organisation as do passive labour market policies for Constrained learning and Simple forms of work organisation. To protect employees in Taylorist forms, expenditures on public employment service and administration, sheltered and supported employment and rehabilitation and direct job creation are to be promoted. A strict employment legislation against dismissals, unlike the strictness of the regulation regarding the use of temporary contract, tends to protect employees in Taylorist forms of work organisation while weakening the protective effect of Simple and Constrained learning forms. Finally, there is a nonmonotonous relationship between the centralisation of wage bargaining and vulnerability. Vulnerability is lower for employees in Constrained learning, Discretionary learning and Independent forms of work organisation when bargaining takes place at an intermediate level, while it is higher for employees in Simple and Taylorist forms and decreasing in the degree of centralisation. It would seem, therefore, that the effectiveness of labor market policies and institutions should be examined in relation with the forms of work organisation prevailing within each country."