Documents Cortès, Imma 11 results

"Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the differences between full- and part-time employment (FTE and PTE) in terms of working conditions, on the one hand, and job satisfaction, health status, and work-related psychosocial problems according to gender and welfare state regime, on the other hand, and to analyze the role of working conditions in the association between PTE and FTE.Methods This cross-sectional study was based on a sample of 7921 men and 8220 women from the European Working Conditions Survey aged 16–64 years, who were employed part-time (5–19 or 20–30 hours per week) or full-time (31–40 hours/week). Multiple logistic regression models were fitted separately for each gender and welfare state regime.Results PTE is associated with poorer working conditions than FTE for all national welfare types. Among women, only those in southern European countries experienced low job satisfaction [odds ratio after adjustment (ORadj) for sociodemographic variables, ORadj 1.73, and 1.66, for those working 20–30 and 5–19 hours/week, respectively; reference group: FTE workers], but this association disappeared after further adjustment for working conditions. Low job satisfaction and poorer health status was more common among PTE men from continental (low job satisfaction, ORadj 1.80 and 3.61, for 20–30 and 5–19 working hours/week, respectively), and southern European (ORadj, 2.98, for 5–19 working hours/week) countries. PTE tended to be associated with fewer psychosocial problems among women, but with more psychosocial problems among men in continental Europe and those those engaged in “mini-jobs” in southern European welfare regimes.Conclusions The association between FTE and PTE and job satisfaction, health status, and psychosocial problems is partly driven by working conditions and differs between gender and welfare regime. This highlights the importance of promoting effective measures to ensure equal treatment between FTE and PTE workers and the role of the social norms that form part of these different welfare states regimes."

"Objectives This study aimed to (i) identify family responsibilities associated with moderately long working hours (41–60 hours a week); (ii) examine the relationship between moderately long working hours and three health outcomes; and (iii) analyze whether patterns differ by welfare state regimes. Methods The sample was composed of all employees aged 16–64 years working 30–60 hours a week interviewed in the 2005 European Working Conditions Survey (9288 men and 6295 women). We fitted multiple logistic regression models separated by sex and welfare state regime typologies.Results Married males were more likely to work long hours in countries with male breadwinner models whereas family responsibilities were related to long working hours among both sexes in countries with dual breadwinner models. The association between long working hours and health was (i) stronger among men in countries with male breadwinner models, primarily in Anglo-Saxon countries [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) associated with working 51–60 hours of 6.43, 6.04 and 9.60 for work-related poor health status, stress and psychological distress, respectively); (ii) similar among both sexes in Nordic countries; and (iii) stronger among women in Eastern European countries.Conclusions In the European Union of 25 members (EU-25), working moderately long hours is associated with poor health outcomes with different patterns depending on welfare state regimes. The findings from this study suggest that the family responsibilities and breadwinner models can help explain the relationship between long working hours and health status."

"L'homme "gagne-pain" et la femme "gardienne du foyer". Bien qu'en décalage total avec la réalité contemporaine du monde du travail, ces schémas traditionnels ont la vie dure. Ils contribuent à minorer l'impact des tâches domestiques sur la santé des femmes. Inégalités de genre et inégalités sociales se combinant, ce sont les travailleuses occupant les niveaux les plus bas sur l'échelle socioprofessionnelle qui subissent la plus forte dégradation de leur santé, tant sur le plan physique que psychologique."

"Background:
The objectives of this study are to identify family and job characteristics associated with long work hours, to analyse the relationship between long work hours and several health indicators, and to examine whether gender differences for both objectives exist.
Methods:
The sample was composed of all salaried workers aged 16–64 years (3950 men and 3153 women) interviewed in the 2006 Catalonian Health Survey. Weekly work hours were categorised as less than 30 h (part-time), 30–40 (reference category), 41–50 and 51–60 h. Multiple logistic regression models separated by sex were fitted.
Results:
Factors associated with long working hours differed by gender. Among men, extended work hours were related with being married or cohabiting and with being separated or divorced. In men, working 51–60 h a week was consistently associated with poor mental health status (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.24), self-reported hypertension (aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.29), job dissatisfaction (aOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.82), smoking (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.72), shortage of sleep (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.85) and no leisure-time physical activity (aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.60). Moreover, a gradient from standard working hours to 51–60 h a week was found for these six outcomes. Among women it was only related to smoking and to shortage of sleep.
Conclusion:
The association of overtime with different health indicators among men could be explained by their role as the family breadwinner: in situations of family financial stress men work overtime in order to increase the income and/or accept poor working conditions for fear of job loss, one of them being long working hours. "

"The objective of this study is to analyse gender inequalities in the combination of job and family life and their effect on health status and use of health care services. The data come from the Navarra Survey of Working Conditions (Spain, 1997) carried out on a sample of 2185 workers. The analysis was restricted to 881 men and 400 women, aged 25-64 years, who were married or cohabiting. Dependent variables were self-perceived health status, psychosomatic symptoms, and medical visits, all of them dichotomized. Independent variables were family demands and number of hours of paid work a week. The analysis was adjusted for age and occupational social class. Multivariate logistic regression models, separated by sex.
Family demands were not associated with men's health whereas married women who lived in family units of more than three members had a higher risk of poor self-perceived health status and of psychosomatic symptoms. Among women, working more than 40 hours a week was also associated with both health indicators and, additionally, with a higher probability of medical visits. In order to fully understand social determinants of workers' health, besides social class, gender inequalities in the distribution of family responsibilities should be considered."

"OBJECTIVES:
We examined gender differences in the effects of unemployment on mental health and assessed whether such effects are associated with interactions among gender, family roles, and social class.

METHODS:
Our analysis included 3881 employed and 638 unemployed workers, aged 25 to 64 years, interviewed in the 1994 Catalonian Health Survey.

RESULTS:
Unemployment had more of an effect on the mental health of men (age-adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.30, 3.87) than on that of women (age-adjusted OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.11, 2.06). Gender differences in effects were related to family responsibilities and social class.

CONCLUSIONS:
Understanding the effects of unemployment on mental health requires consideration of the interactions among gender, family responsibilities, and social class."

"Although it is generally assumed that women engaged in paid work have better health than full-time homemakers, little is known about the situation in Southern European countries like Spain or about differences in the impact of family demands by employment status or the potential interaction with educational level. The objectives of this study are to analyse whether inequalities in health exist among housewives and employed women, and to assess whether the relationship between family demands and health differs by employment status. Additionally, for both objectives we examine the potential different patterns by educational level. The data have been taken from the 1994 Catalonian Health Survey (Spain). The sample was drawn from all women aged 25-64 years who were employed or full-time homemakers and married or cohabiting. Four health indicators (self-perceived health status, limiting long-standing illness, chronic conditions and mental health) and two health related behaviours (hours of sleeping and leisure-time physical activity) were analysed. Family demands were measured through household size, living with children under 15 and living with elderly. Overall, female workers had a better health status than housewives, although this pattern was more consistent for women of low educational level. Conversely, the health related behaviours analysed were less favourable for workers, mainly for those of low educational level. Among workers of low educational level, family demands showed a negative effect in most health indicators and health related behaviours, but had little or no negative association at all in workers of high educational level or in full-time homemakers. Moreover, among women of low educational level, both workers and housewives, living with elderly had showed a negative association with poor health status and health related behaviours. These results emphasise the need of considering the interaction between family demands, employment status and educational level in analysing the impact of family demands on women's health as well as in designing family policies and programmes of women's health promotion."

"En este trabajo se revisan las diferencias y desigualdades de género existentes en España en el trabajo remunerado y en el doméstico, se analizan el impacto de ambos tipos de trabajo en la salud y se describen las principales estrategias políticas de la Unión Europea (UE) y España para alcanzar la igualdad de género en el trabajo. En España la tasa de actividad femenina es significativamente más baja que en otros países de la UE. En el mercado laboral existe una segregación horizontal -hombres y mujeres trabajan en distintos sectores- y vertical -ellos ocupan los puestos de categoría superior-, causa de las diferencias de género en las condiciones de empleo y en la exposición a riesgos laborales. ..."

"El riesgo de mal estado de salud asociado a la sobrecarga representada por el trabajo doméstico en las mujeres con un trabajo remunerado apunta la necesidad de aumentar los recursos comunitarios para el cuidado de los niños, así como de incrementar la participación de los hombres en las tareas domésticas. Futuras encuestas de salud deberían incluir información sobre el número de personas de diferentes grupos de edad que viven en el hogar sobre todo en edades extremas."