" Economic theory presents different arguments about how profit‐sharing may affect wages. First, profit‐sharing may substitute for the base wage. Second, profit‐sharing can be interpreted as an ‘efficiency wage' that adds to the base wage and increases total compensation. The existing empirical literature has not determined which of these arguments is valid. This article attempts to address this issue for France between 2000 and 2007. Based on a difference‐in‐differences selection model, we show that bonuses in firms adopting profit‐sharing are too small to conclude whether it substitutes for or complements the base wage. While base wage levels are generally higher among profit‐sharing firms, changes in the base wage over this period are lower among firms that have had profit‐sharing for a number of years."

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