"This article examines how the EU responded to the Covid-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, focusing on climate policy. Early studies suggest these crises reinforced EU climate policy, but we go further by investigating key drivers behind these responses. We explore four factors: Commission climate policy entrepreneurship, East–West climate policy divide among Member States, economic assets and interest groups, and the climate movement. The findings indicate that the crises temporarily sidelined East–West divisions and allowed the Commission to promote its flagship European Green Deal. However, the further development of these factors suggests that conditions for EU climate policymaking have deteriorated."

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