Documents Bérastégui, Pierre 18 results

"Artificial intelligence (AI) has long been hailed as a transformative force set to revolutionise various aspects of our lives, including the way we work. Advances in complementary fields such as big data, cloud computing and the internet[1]of-things have seen the emergence of new ways of organising the means of production. Behind these new ecosystems, often referred to using ‘4.0' terms, lies a complex web of intricate technologies, bringing with it a unique set of risks and challenges. This working paper analyses the role of AI in the context of Industry 4.0 (I4.0), with a specific focus on occupational safety and health (OSH) implications. Section 1 situates AI within the framework of I4.0 and provides a brief overview of application-pull and technology-push factors inducing a need for changes. Section 2 delves into ways in which an AI system may unexpectedly fail and discusses trends in AI accidents based on available data. Section 3 explains how the growing convergence of information and operational technology make organisations more vulnerable to cyber-physical attacks, ultimately putting workers' safety at risk. Section 4 provides a critical assessment of the various principles put forward to ensure proper human oversight. Section 5 discusses how the implementation of AI systems may influence workers' autonomy and, in this way, compromise workers' safety and health. Finally, Section 6 describes the poor working conditions of data workers behind AI systems."

"Policy implications
• Policymakers should address the risk of the gradual disappearance of the physical workplace, and with it of the notion of choice in relation to remote working.
• As segments of the workforce return to the workplace, employers should ensure the continuity of countermeasures to buffer isolation.
• It will be essential for employers to introduce initiatives to prevent large segments of workers becoming at risk of physical and emotional exhaustion, and for governments to adapt occupational health and safety regulations accordingly.
• The benefits of telework depend entirely on the degree of autonomy given to the worker and presuppose a culture of trust and compassion, two key traits for leaders to develop.
• Ensuring equal access to ICT and that workers possess the education and skills needed to use them are fundamental challenges that policymakers need to address to prevent a ‘teleworkability' divide."

"Infrastructures critiques manipulées à distance, chiffrement de données sensibles contre rançon... Les cyberattaques sont connues pour leurs conséquences parfois dévastatrices, aussi bien sur le plan économique que pour la réputation des entreprises. Mais qu'en est-il des conséquences humaines ? Qu'en est-il des risques qu'elles font peser sur la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs ? Si ces questions ne font pas encore la une des journaux, elles n'en demeurent pas moins préoccupantes."

"Les médecins urgentistes sont particulièrement à risque en matière de fatigue au travail en raison de périodes de veilles prolongées, d'un sommeil fragmenté et de conflits persistants entre l'horloge biologique et l'horloge professionnelle (Alhola et al., 2007). Toutefois, les études en situation naturelle ne parviennent pas à démontrer que la privation de sommeil se traduit par une augmentation systématique des erreurs médicales (Gates et al., 2018; Weiss et al., 2016; Kramer, 2010). Nous postulons que l'absence de relation claire et systématique entre fatigue et performance médicale trouve son origine dans l'existence de mécanismes compensatoires visant à réduire ou à mitiger le risque associé à la fatigue. Premièrement, nous avons mené plusieurs focus group avec un total de 28 médecins urgentistes afin d'identifier les éventuelles stratégies de gestion du risque mobilisées de façon informelle. Deuxièmement, nous avons développé un sondage évaluant la fréquence d'utilisation des stratégies rapportées lors de la phase précédente. Enfin, nous avons une étude observationnelle prospective pour évaluer l'efficacité des stratégies rapportées sur base d'indicateurs relatifs à la fatigue, à la performance au travail et au burnout. Nos résultats montrent que les stratégies rapportées peuvent être qualifiées de stratégies de réduction (FRS) et de proofing (FPS). Le déploiement régulier de FRS a un effet bénéfique sur le niveau de fatigue des médecins sans coût associé pour l'individu en termes de burnout. Les FPS permettent aux médecins de maintenir un niveau acceptable de performance au détriment d'une usure émotionnelle susceptible de conduire au burnout. Nous discutons ces résultats à la lumière de l'hypothèse cognitivo-énergétique et proposons des perspectives en matière de gestion du risque associé à la fatigue en médecine d'urgence."

"Emergency physicians are known to be particularly vulnerable to sleep deprivation due to inconsistent shift rotation, extended duty periods and overnight calls. However, naturalistic studies have actually failed to systematically demonstrate that sleep deprivation is associated with poorer work performance in emergency physicians. The inconsistency of these results could reside in physicians' ability to compensate for fatigue-related impairments. Our aim is to assess the effectiveness of informal fatigue proofing (FPS) and reduction (FRS) strategies used by emergency physicians. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study with 28 emergency physicians (mean age 36.89 ± 10.73 years, 11 females) for a total of 182 shifts. At enrollment, participants answered the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Fatigue Management Survey. During shifts, we measured fatigue-related impairments using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task and work performance using an adapted version of the Physician Achievement Review. Of the four work performance dimensions addressed, patient interaction was the only one associated with decreased reaction time (F = 27.61, p < 0.001). Our findings revealed a significant interaction between reaction time and FPS frequency of use for the patient interaction (F = 4.91, p = 0.03) and self-management subscales (F = 5.92, p = 0.02). However, the frequency of use of FPS were found to be positively associated with early symptoms of burnout (β = 0.79, p < 0.001). Finally, our results show that FRS frequency was associated with decreased reaction time (F = 8.02, p = 0.01) with no associated risk of burnout. We propose further considerations for the implementation and follow-up of a fatigue risk management system in the emergency department."

"The ‘gig economy' refers to a market system in which companies or individual requesters hire workers to perform short assignments. These transactions are mediated through online labour platforms, either outsourcing work to a geographically dispersed crowd or allocating work to individuals in a specific area. Over the last decade, the diversity of activities mediated through online labour platforms has increased dramatically. In addition to the specific hazards associated with these different types of activities, there are also psychosocial risks related to the way gig work is organised, designed and managed. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of these risks, identifying research gaps and strategies to address them."