Documents market economy 306 results

"Self-employment is a new career that has been created in the course of the reforms in all the former communist countries. It is, indeed, the new way of working that is most symptomatic of the direction in which the countries are changing. This article aims to demonstrate that much can be learnt from the experiences of the self-employed, not just about the current characteristics of the new market economies, but also about their most likely future trajectories."

"After eight years of transition towards the market economy in Albania, we are able to draw a general picture of the state of the economy, its development and future perspective. The dramatic decline in economic activity in 1990 and 1991, which was primarily associated with the dissolution of the communist regime, ended by mid-1992. During the period December 1990-April 1992, there was political instability and social chaos which hindered the implementation of a clear, coherent and long-term strategy for economic reform which was, in turn, reflected in further macroeconomic disequilibrium. The second phase of transition that started in April 1992 saw the implementation of the liberal economic reforms of “shock” therapy, according to the recommendations of the international institutions, i.e. the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The article provides an overview of the economic development during the years of transition and tries to grasp the actual (1999) state of economy."

"The Macedonian route to political democracy and the market economy has been developed under the strong impact of external shocks. The dramatic dissolution of former Yugoslavia, the wars in its neighbourhoods, UN sanctions against Yugoslavia and the unilateral Greek trade embargo have all had a major influence on the Macedonian economy, internal political stability and security. The Kosovo crisis and the NATO military intervention which took place in spring 1999 was the most recent trauma of this kind. The unresolved Kosovo issue has generated many problems within the region. The incapability of Milošević to solve the “problem” of the Albanian minority in the Yugoslav state, and the failure of the western countries to mediate in resolving the conflict, led to the NATO intervention against Yugoslavia. The epilogue has been the withdrawal of the Yugoslav army from Kosovo while NATO has established a kind of protectorate in the area. In this article, we will analyse the impact and the consequences of the Kosovo crisis on Macedonia, focusing our attention mainly on the economic and political (more precisely the inter-ethnic) aspects of the problem. We use this approach since the economic crisis and inter-ethnic relations are the two key questions in the development (we can say even the survival) of the Macedonian state and because both were closely connected to the Kosovo crisis and the NATO intervention."

"This study aims at a characterisation of the demographic situation of the individual countries and makes an attempt at their classification. In order to establish the value of the differences in social and economic development from a demographic aspect, and to provide a contrast with central Europe, we have also included Hungary in our figures. The basic demographic indices are studied, including the birth rate coefficient, total fertility coefficient, mortality coefficient and infant mortality. Mortality per age is summarised in the synthetic index of longevity by gender and the average life span of live births (Campbell, 1977). Age structure is analysed separately as it influences birth rate and mortality via the population's reproductive capabilities. In order to provide maximum comparability between individual countries and to show their demographic development at the turn of the next century, the indices mentioned refer to particular milestone years: 1983, 1990 and 1997. The first one, 1983, is before the transition to the market economy; the second, 1990, is taken conventionally as the beginning of the transition; whereas the third, 1997, is the last one for which we have data available for the majority of cases. In this way, a term of fifteen years is studied, the first half being before the transition to the market economy and the second referring to the period during the transition."

"Personne n'a envie de se faire arnaquer. Pourtant, c'est ce qui nous arrive tous les jours : abonnements trop coûteux, médicaments inutiles voire dangereux, produits ou services faussement innovants, crédits bancaires pourris, etc.

Loin d'être accidentels, le mensonge et la manipulation sont intrinsèques à l'économie. Pourquoi ? Parce que, contrairement à ce que postulait Adam Smith, l'équilibre de marché n'est pas nécessairement optimal (la fameuse « main invisible »). La concurrence des marchés est telle que toute occasion de profit est systématiquement exploitée, résultant trop souvent en un marché de dupes.

Comprendre les mécanismes qui nous conduisent à prendre de mauvaises décisions économiques – des biais psychologiques aux dissymétries informationnelles –, tel est l'objectif de ce livre écrit par deux prix Nobel d'économie. Levant le voile sur l'étendue et les conséquences pour la collectivité des dommages produits par les marchés, ils réclament fermement des politiques de régulation plus efficaces."

"This book uses comparative economic analysis to provide a common conceptual framework for all current European Union member states. Based on empirical investigation, the author identifies the Nordic, North-western, Mediterranean, and Central and Eastern models of capitalism on the threshold of the 2008 global financial and economic crisis. The chapters also examine the resulting institutional responses to the crisis and the methods of crisis management adopted by each member state. The analysis reveals that the crisis has not triggered radical institutional change but, instead, highlighted deep institutional differences not between the old and new member states, but between the Nordic, North-western, Mediterranean, and Central and Eastern European countries. These institutional differences are so significant that they require the rethinking of European integration theory. Models of Capitalism in the European Union serves as a useful handbook for academics, advanced students, policy-makers and advisors who are interested in European economic issues."