Documents fertility 84 results

"La conciliation vie familiale-vie professionnelle a bénéficié d'une attention politique accrue ces dernières décennies dans les pays de l'OCDE. Globalement, il n'existe pas de tendance commune aux politiques de conciliation mises en place dans les pays étudiés même si leur objectif reste commun : inciter les femmes à entrer et à rester sur le marché du travail. L'analyse des différentes monographies nationales sur les deux instruments de conciliation que sont les congés liés aux enfants et leurs modes de garde au cours de la période récente met en avant trois résultats principaux : d'une part, les modèles de conciliation restent dépendants et liés aux modes de régulation des pays, d'autre part la variété des modèles font écho à la spécificité des relations emploi-famille dans les pays et à la singularité des modèles d'emploi féminin nationaux et enfin les dispositifs de conciliation étudiés ont été fortement épargnés par la crise dans la majeure partie des pays. "

"We test the validity of the sibling sex ratio instrument suggested by Angrist and Evans using the methods proposed by Kitagawa and Huber and Mellace. The sex ratio of the first two siblings is arguably randomly assigned and influences the probability of having a third child, which makes it a candidate instrument for fertility when estimating the effect of fertility on female labor supply. However, identification hinges on the random assignment of the instrument, an instrumental exclusion restriction, and the monotonicity of fertility in the instrument. We find that the instrumental variable tests of Kitagawa and Huber and Mellace do not point to a violation of these assumptions in the Angrist and Evans data (which can, however, not be ruled out even asymptotically as the tests cannot detect all possible violations)."

"This paper investigates the effect of education on fertility under inflexible labor market conditions. We exploit exogenous variation from a German compulsory schooling reform to deal with the endogeneity of education. By using data from two complementary datasets, we examine different fertility outcomes over the life cycle. In contrast to evidence for other developed countries, we find that increased education causally reduces completed fertility. This negative effect operates through a postponement of first births away from teenage years and no catch-up later in life. We attribute these findings to the particularly high opportunity costs of childrearing in Germany."

"This paper investigates transitions from employment to non-employment and downward occupational mobility after motherhood in Spain. Around 40 per cent of Spanish women who were at work 1 year before childbearing leave employment, most permanently, and one-third of these exits move to unemployment. The probability of staying on at work after birth is reduced with the rise of fixed-term contracts and increased with experience and level of education. Downward occupational mobility is not common amongst women remaining employed since they do not switch to part-time jobs."

"In this paper we use newly available individual-level data from the Longitudinal Survey of Italian Households to investigate the factors associated with female labour force participation after the birth of the first child. We focus on the role of pre-marital job characteristics and find that new mothers who worked without a contract are less likely to participate, while those who worked in the public sector or in a large private firm have a higher probability of being in the labour force after childbearing. We suggest that these effects could be at least partly attributed to differences in the level of job protection and employment stability enjoyed by workers. This implies that in Italy women with highly protected and stable jobs might find it easier to combine career and family, whereas those who are less sheltered by the legislation might be more likely to be inactive after becoming mothers."

"We evaluate the effect of a 2003 reform in the Spanish income tax on fertility and the employment of mothers with small children. The reform introduced a tax credit for working mothers with children under the age of three, while also increasing child deductions for all households with children. Theoretically, given the interplay of these two components, the expected effect of the reform is ambiguous on both outcomes. We find that the combined reforms significantly increased both fertility (by almost 5%) and the employment rate of mothers with children under three (by 2%). These effects were more pronounced among less-educated women. In addition, to disentangle the impact of the two reform components, we use an earlier reform that increased child deductions in 1999. We find that the child deductions affect mothers' employment negatively, which implies that the 2003 tax credit would have increased employment even more (up to 5%) in the absence of the change in child deductions."