Documents tobacco 11 results

"Palpable tension continues at the intersection of tobacco control and trade policy. Through consideration of four major tobacco control-related trade disputes, we suggest how to empower public health proponents in the face of entrenched economic policymaking norms. We argue that a more effective pro-tobacco control message should: (a) seek to be broadly consistent with core principles of the world trading system, (b) boldly assert countries' international commitments to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, (c) marshal deep scientific evidence, and (d) come from a broad range of actors, including from low- and middle-income countries as well as from other trade policy community members."

"This Volume 100E covers Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions, specifically Tobacco Smoking, Second-hand Tobacco Smoke, Smokeless Tobacco, N'-Nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, Betel Quid and Areca Nut, Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages, Chinese-style Salted Fish, and Indoor Emissions from Household Combustion of Coal.

Because the scope of Volume 100 is so broad, its Monographs are focused on key information. Each Monograph presents a description of a carcinogenic agent and how people are exposed, critical overviews of the epidemiological studies and animal cancer bioassays, and a concise review of the agent's toxicokinetics, plausible mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and potentially susceptible populations, and life-stages. Details of the design and results of individual epidemiological studies and animal cancer bioassays are summarized in tables. Short tables that highlight key results are printed in Volume 100, and more extensive tables that include all studies appear on the Monographs programme website (http://monographs.iarc.fr).

It is hoped that this volume, by compiling the knowledge accumulated through several decades of cancer research, will stimulate cancer prevention activities worldwide, and will be a valued resource for future research to identify other agents suspected of causing cancer in humans."

"The increasing incidence of a variety of cancers after the Second World War confronts scientists with the question of their origin. In Western countries, expansion and ageing of the population as well as progress in cancer detection using new diagnostic and screening tests cannot fully account for the observed growing incidence of cancer. Our hypothesis is that environmental factors play a more important role in cancer genesis than it is usually agreed. (1) Over the last 2e3 decades, alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking in men have significantly decreased in Western Europe and North America. (2) Obesity is increasing in many countries, but the growing incidence of cancer also concerns cancers not related to obesity nor to other known lifestyle-related factors. (3) There is evidence that the environment has changed over the time period preceding the recent rise in cancer incidence, and that this change, still continuing, included the accumulation of many new carcinogenic factors in the environment. (4) Genetic susceptibility to cancer due to genetic polymorphism cannot have changed over one generation and actually
favours the role of exogenous factors through geneeenvironment interactions. (5) Age is not the unique factor to be considered since the rising incidence of cancers is seen across all age categories, including children, and adolescents. (6) The fetus is specifically vulnerable to exogenous factors. A fetal exposure during a critical time window may explain why current epidemiological studies may still be negative in adults. We therefore propose that the involuntary exposure to many carcinogens in the environment, including microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and parasites), radiations (radioactivity, UVand pulsed electromagnetic fields) and many xenochemicals, may account for the recent growing incidence of cancer and therefore that the risk attributable to environmental carcinogen may be far higher than it is usually agreed. Of major concern are: outdoor air pollution by carbon particles associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; indoor air pollution by environmental tobacco smoke, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds such as benzene and 1,3 butadiene, which may particularly affect children and food contamination by food additives and by carcinogenic contaminants such as nitrates, pesticides, dioxins and other organochlorines. In addition, carcinogenic metals and metalloids, pharmaceutical medicines and some ingredients and contaminants in cosmetics may be involved. Although the risk fraction attributable to environmental factors is still unknown, this long list of carcinogenic and especially mutagenic factors supports our working hypothesis according to which numerous cancers may in fact be caused by the recent modification of our environment."

"Italian researchers from the Occupational Medicine Institute at the University of Sassari have completed a study on the causes of visual fatigue for video display terminals (VDT) workers in office environments. Specifically, they examined the part played by psychological factors in complaints about visual health reported by banking officers who work at VDTs. 212 people were asked to respond to three different questionnaires on subjects of job stress, subjective discomfort related to environmental and lighting conditions, and existence of oculovisual disturbances. Eye strain included itchy, sore, or heavy eyes, and blurred or double vision during or immediately after work three or more times a week. All subjects shared the same environment and work duties, and none had any history of eye problems. The study found that social support, group conflict, self esteem, work satisfaction, and under use of skills were found to be predictors of visual complaints. Subjective environmental factors, although in some cases significantly correlated with asthenopia, were not found to be strong predictors of the symptoms. Employees who felt they received social support were a third less likely to report eye strain. Lighting did not seem to affect levels of eye strain, but noise and environmental tobacco smoke did.The researchers concluded that some part of the complaints about visual health reported by VDT workers are likely indirect expressions of psychological discomfort related to working conditions. "

"This article summarizes the origins and implementation of labor-management negotiated tobacco control policies in public workplaces in New York state during the 1980s and 1990s. It is an in-depth case study that illustrates the confrontation and cooperation among three main social actors involved in the design and implementation of workplace smoking policies: public-sector labor unions, public health professionals, and state managers. The policy debates, legal, and political issues that emerge from this history suggest hopeful avenues for improving the dialogue and cooperation on the design and implementation of workplace smoking policies between and among public health professionals, managers, and labor union leaders in the United States. Understanding how these parties can reach agreement and work together may help tobacco control advocates and labor leaders join forces to enact future tobacco control policies. "

"L'évaluation des risques dans les petites entreprises pose des problèmes difficiles. Ce dossier, consacré aux salons de coiffure, ne saurait bien évidemment dispenser le médecin de sa propre évaluation des risques sur le terrain, mais il devrait faciliter la réalisation de celle-ci en soulignant les points les plus importants.Ce dossier est l'aboutissement d'une action menée par le groupe coiffeur d'Everest Bretagne (Évaluation et veille des risques dans les petites entreprises par un réseau santé au travail). Il a été en grande partie réalisé par Valérie Feaugas (hygiéniste du travail) et Anne Bruneteau (interne en médecine du travail) dans le cadre de leur mémoire et thèse. Ce dossier s'appuie sur la visite de 22 salons de coiffure de la région rennaise ainsi que sur une abondante littérature récente publiée ou non. Il est composé de plusieurs parties distinctes pouvant être lues séparément en fonction de son propre degré de connaissance de l'activité.Une première partie présente le secteur de la coiffure. Le métier de coiffeur est ensuite développé dans une deuxième partie. Elle permet au médecin de s'initier aux caractéristiques de la profession. Les différents risques encourus par les coiffeurs sont ensuite décrits : risque chimique, risque de troubles musculosquelettiques, risque biologique. Le dernier chapitre donne des conseils pour la prévention des risques. Enfin, en annexe, se trouve un guide de visite destiné au médecin du travail lors de ses évaluations du risque sur le terrain."(Résumé INRS)

"En este trabajo, realizado a partir de contactos con referentes en las autoridades sanitarias complementados con otros informadores clave y la consulta del Repertorio Internacional de Legislación Sanitaria, se describen las características actuales de la legislación sobre el consumo de tabaco en el lugar de trabajo de los 15 Estados miembros de la Unión Europea (UE), así como de otros países europeos como Hungría, Islandia, Noruega, Polonia, Rumania y Suiza. Se revisan también los procesos judiciales que se han producido en base a esta legislación en relación al consumo de tabaco en el ámbito laboral en estos países. La legislación es una parte crucial de toda estrategia de control del tabaquismo. Sin ella, ninguna acción contra la exposición al aire contaminado por el humo de tabaco será eficaz. Sin embargo, una ley en sí misma no es suficiente y sólo será eficaz si recibe el apoyo de la opinión pública. "