Documents Menéndez-Navarro, Alfredo 9 results

"Para millones de personas, el trabajo perjudica seriamente la salud (accidentes laborales, enfermedades profesionales, exposición a sustancias nocivas, estrés...), pero buena parte de ese impacto sociolaboral es invisible, no está reconocido. Este libro arroja luz sobre una realidad que debería estar en el centro del debate y marcar las políticas de salud pública. A partir de un estudio de la situación española, propone medidas para que unas mejores condiciones laborales, más igualdad y un enfoque político más adecuado permitan mejorar el trabajo, la salud y, por tanto, la vida de trabajadoras y trabajadores."

"La publication de l'Institut syndical européen pour l'exposition « La promotion de la santé et de la sécurité au travail : tout un art ! » présente des affiches historiques et vintage de différents pays européens qui montrent comment la conception graphique a été utilisée pour promouvoir la santé et la sécurité dans plus de vingt environnements culturels différents. Cette publication montre comment ont évolué les messages et les slogans relatifs à la santé et à la sécurité sur le lieu de travail. Au départ stigmatisants vis-à-vis des travailleurs, considérés comme responsables des accidents et des erreurs, ces messages ont évolué vers une approche plus proactive de la prévention.

Ce travail démontre également l'importance historique de la santé et de la sécurité au travail pour le mouvement syndical européen. Il montre ainsi les risques progressivement identifiés par les travailleurs comme des jalons sur la route de la prévention, en rendant compte de la manière dont la mobilisation de l'intelligence collective a pu être utilisée pour remettre en question la division traditionnelle du travail. Vue sous un angle artistique, cette publication propose un voyage à travers l'art du XXe siècle et des mouvements artistiques et graphiques nationaux les plus importants. Y figurent des photos, des photomontages, des abstractions géométriques et un traitement typographique rigoureux."

"This book stemming from the exhibition ‘The art of preventive health and safety in Europe' presents historical and vintage posters from various European countries showing how graphic design has been used to promote health and safety prevention in more than 20 different cultural environments.
The publication shows how workplace health and safety messages and slogans have evolved, from initially blaming individual workers for accidents and mistakes towards the fostering of a more proactive approach to prevention. The work demonstrates also the historical importance of occupational health and safety for the European trade union movement. It thus presents the risks gradually identified by workers as stepping stones on the road to conceiving prevention, charting how the mobilisation of a collective intelligence served to challenge the traditional division of labour.
Viewed from an artistic angle, meanwhile, the publication offers a journey through the art of the 20th century and across key national artistic and graphic movements, with the incorporation of photography, photomontage, geometric abstraction and rigorous typographic treatment."

"La aparición del reformismo social en España y el desarrollo de la legislación social, en particular las leyes de accidentes, delimitaron nuevas parcelas de actuación médica a la vez que implicaron la renuncia a la intervención ambiental tradicionalmente reclamada por los higienistas. La asistencia a los accidentados, el peritaje, la reeducación de inválidos y la práctica de reconocimientos médicos a obreros constituyeron las prácticas principales de la «medicina de accidentes», primera concreción de la nueva especialidad. Ésta fue ampliándose mediante el recurso a las ciencias experimentales, a la psicología (organización científica del trabajo) y al enfoque médico-social."

"Background:
In 1978, asbestos-related occupational cancers were added to the Spanish list of occupational diseases. However, there are no full accounts of compensated cases since their inclusion. Objective: To analyze the cases of asbestos-related cancer recognized as occupational in Spain between 1978 and 2011.

Methods:
Cases were obtained from the Spanish Employment Ministry. Specific incidence rates by year, economic activity, and occupation were obtained. We compared mortality rates of mesothelioma and bronchus and lung cancer mortality in Spain and the European Union.

Results:
Between 1978 and 2011, 164 asbestos-related occupational cancers were recognized in Spain, with a mean annual rate of 0·08 per 105 employees (0·13 in males, 0·002 in females). Under-recognition rates were an estimated 93·6% (males) and 99·7% (females) for pleural mesothelioma and 98·8% (males) and 100% (females) for bronchus and lung cancer. In Europe for the year 2000, asbestos-related occupational cancer rates ranged from 0·04 per 105 employees in Spain to 7·32 per 105 employees in Norway.

Conclusions:
These findings provide evidence of gross under-recognition of asbestos-related occupational cancers in Spain. Future work should investigate cases treated in the National Healthcare System to better establish the impact of asbestos on health in Spain."

"Background: In Spain, hookworm was first recognised as a miners' disease, becoming the goal of one of the most successful interventions in public health from 1912 to 1931. Hookworm also played a part in the growing interest in rural health problems that peaked during the Republican period (1931–6). The aim of this study was to compare the rationale and content of public health interventions against rural hookworm in Spain before the Civil War (1936–9) with those of interventions after the war. Methods: Review of published and unpublished documents on hookworm produced by individual physicians and public health officials in the first half of the 20th century. Results: Rural hookworm foci detected in pre-war years were explained in terms of the geographical and human environment and largely attributed to poor working and living conditions, prompting specific health campaigns. New rural foci were detected after the war, but this time the health administration did not intervene. Understanding of the disease changed, its impact on reproduction was highlighted and medical explanations pointed to the negative moral conditions of peasants rather than social issues. Conclusion: Civil War brought rupture and continuity to the public health domain. Although the Francoist health administration preserved similar organisation patterns, its practice was governed by different priorities. Moral and even religious positions provided a rationale for what had been previously explained in social and environmental terms. This approach, together with the perception of hookworm as evidence of backwardness, led to official neglect of the condition, which was still prevalent in some rural areas."

"Este catálogo contém alguns dos cartazes que selecionamos para a exposição The Art of Preventive Health and Safety in Europe. Para além do apelo estético e da grande variedade de técnicas gráficas usadas para representar riscos ocupacionais, a exposição realça diversos enfoques em disputa na área de segurança e saúde no trabalho. Alguns dos cartazes apresentam mensagens que remetem à responsabilidade e, potencialmente, à culpabilidade dos trabalhadores. Instam-nos a respeitarem as regras e a serem cuidadosos, aplicados e organizados. Outros, ao contrário, realçam os perigos ligados à organização do trabalho. Desenham a silhueta da morte escondida nas sombras das engrenagens das máquinas ou revelam a presença de substâncias tóxicas. Os trabalhadores retratados raramente são mulheres, as quais tendem a aparecer mais como esposas lembrando seus maridos de tomar cuidado e voltar sãos e salvos para casa. ..."