"The study shows the large variety of methods and administrative sources used across the EU to measure the magnitude of undeclared work (UDW).
However, available data are hardly comparable across countries given methodological differences and varying time span covered. The study recommends the EU-wide application of the Labour Inputs Method (currently used by Italy, essentially comparing labour demand and supply data), bearing in mind that this would require a significant and lengthy preparatory work. A complementary strategy could be to develop UDW estimates based on comparison between actual and imputed social security contributions."

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