"Economic rights in many EU member states no longer distinguish between citizens to non-EU immigrants. How do these non-EU immigrants respond to expansive economic rights? This chapter argues that providing rights below citizenship improves the psychological, political, and social lives of non-EU immigrants within the EU. Combining cross-national surveys with policy indicators, I find that immigrant access to the labour market and social assistance are powerful tools for immigrant integration both above and below citizenship. Specifically, immigrants with equal opportunities to citizens in the labour market appear more satisfied with democracy, government, and their lives overall. Further I find immigrants who are eligible to receive welfare assistance without incurring additional penalties for future citizenship are more likely to naturalize. Together these findings suggest policy inclusion can perpetuate future immigrant integration, providing a clear policy agenda for EU member states committed to promoting non-EU immigrant integration. "

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ISBN (PDF) : 978-3031257261