"The effect of flexibility at-the-margin on wage of permanent employees is evaluated using Italian Linked Employer-Employee Data for the period 1991–2004. Temporary Agency Workers (TAW) introduced in Italy in 1997 in some specific industries represents a form of flexible job providing a quasi-experimental setup that can be used to obtain identification by applying difference-in-differences. Concerns related to confounding trends are addressed through several robustness and falsification tests. Norms introducing TAW in all sectors in 2000 are also exploited. Results show an increase in permanent employees' wage in industries involved in the reform. This evidence is consistent with insider-outsider theories wherein — in a dual labor market — a rise in the share of unprotected employees may spill over upon insiders' wage."

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