"This paper compares the labour market policy responses to immigration in Norway, Switzerland and Canada, countries that are often referred to as different ‘models' for the future relations of the UK with the EU. Across the three countries, it identifies several labour market policies that act as ‘qualitative' controls of labour migration, in a way that is socially and economically more efficient that ‘quantitative' controls in the form of work permits or quotas. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the British case."

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