"In this article, thirteen case studies are analysed which study the innovation processes renewing structures and forms of employee participation in companies in private and public sectors of industry in the Netherlands. In the majority of the case studies, new hybrid forms between representative and direct participation have been launched, in which elected members of works councils co-operate with non-member employees, mostly in temporary projects. These initiatives show successful results in mobilizing employee involvement in representative as well as in direct workers' participation, and in improving efficiency and effectiveness in consultations with management in the workplace, as well as with company directors. At the same time, however, works councils have compromised on lowering the number of seats on their councils, leading to dilemmas around questions of democracy, formal powers and coordination. Furthermore, these experiments show limitations in their scope. Firstly, they hardly address more effective inclusion of the many (younger) workers with flexible contracts in employee participation schemes, nor the broader potential impacts on companies' strategic decision-making. It can be concluded that practices aimed at renewing employee participation develop within the confines of the traditional characteristics of Dutch industrial relations, such as cooperative relationships between works councils and management, a low level of interventions from trade unions and a focus on the field of operational management (rather than on conflictual workers interests and strategic issues)."

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