Documents value system 83 results

"Empirical evidence on whether low-quality employment is detrimental to workers' mental health is mostly cross-sectional and empirical evidence on pathways linking employment quality (EQ) to mental health remains scarce. Consequently, this study examines subsequent mental health associations of low-quality employment. Associations between EQ and mental health are investigated through a typology of employment arrangements. This study also investigates whether the relation between EQ types and subsequent mental health is different for workers with varying intensities of work and family values (i.e., importance of success at work and of having children, respectively) across genders. Using a large representative German panel dataset and Latent Class Cluster Analysis, EQ types are built and linked to mental health two years later. We assess two- and three-way interactions between EQ types and values, and between EQ types, gender and values, respectively. We found six EQ types: SER-like, precarious unsustainable, precarious full-time, SER-light, portfolio and protected part-time employment. Controlled for socio-demographic characteristics, precarious unsustainable employment for men and precarious full-time employment for women were associated to lower mental health after two years, compared to SER-like employment. Although protected part-time employment related to worse mental health for those with moderate to strong work and family values, compared to those with mild values, the interactions show an unclear pattern of the moderating role of values for the relation between EQ and subsequent mental health, for both men and women. This study should be replicated in other countries to confirm similar associations."

This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

"Cet article propose une revue de la littérature d'une partie dela recherche contemporaine sur le thème de la confiance, ententant de circonscrire cette notion fuyante, notamment lesrapports qu'elle entretient avec la théorie économique. Aprèsavoir tenté d'éclairer le lien entre confiance interpersonnelle etintérêts personnels, il commence par passer en revue différentesconceptions de la confiance – limitée, généralisée, confiancedans les institutions – pour s'attarder sur la notion de confiancegénéralisée. La typologie des approches actuelles de ce conceptet les différentes évaluations disponibles pour mesurer sonniveau dans les sociétés contemporaines sont présentées etdiscutées. L'article se clôt par une étude critique de l'ouvrage deY. Algan et P. Cahuc, La société de défiance (2007), qui tented'appliquer au cas français une analyse économique de laconfiance généralisée."

"Economists dream of equilibrium. It's time to wake up.
In mainstream economics, markets are ideal if competition is perfect. When supply balances demand, economic maturity is orderly and disturbed only by shocks. These ideas are rooted in doctrines going back thousands of years yet, as James K. Galbraith and Jing Chen show, they contradict the foundations of our scientific understanding of the physical and biological worlds.
Entropy Economics discards the conventions of equilibrium and presents a new basis for thinking about economic issues, one rooted in life processes--an unequal world of unceasing change in which boundaries, plans, and regulations are essential. Galbraith and Chen's theory of value is based on scarcity, and it accounts for the power of monopoly. Their theory of production covers increasing and decreasing returns, uncertainty, fixed investments over time, and the impact of rising resource costs. Together, their models illuminate key problems such as trade, finance, energy, climate, conflict, and demography.
Entropy Economics is a thrilling framework for understanding the world as it is and will be keenly relevant to the economic challenges of a world threatened with disorder."

"Organizations increasingly use Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) to create strategic documents, legislation, and recommendations to support decision-making. Many current AI initiatives are technology-deterministic, whereas technology co-evolves with the social environment, resulting in new applications and situations. This paper presents a novel view of AI governance by organizations from the perspective of complex adaptive systems (CASs). AI is conceptualized as a socio-technological and adaptive system in which people, policies, systems, data, AI, processes, and other elements co-evolve. The CAS lens draws attention to focusing AI governance on the entire organization, taking an outward perspective and considering public values and societal concerns. Although there is no shortage of AI governance instruments, they differ in their effectiveness, and combinations of appropriate mechanisms should be selected to deal with AI's evolving nature and complexity. A major challenge is that no responsibility, and therefore accountability, is taken due to the lack of understanding of the full socio-technological CAS. As such, joint accountability is needed in which involved parties work together.

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"La richesse est le trou noir de la science économique. Se réduit-elle à la valeur économique des marchandises ? Pour sortir de la crise sociale et écologique du capitalisme, faut-il procéder à une fuite en avant productiviste ? La théorie économique dominante ne sait pas répondre à ces questions parce qu'elle assimile la valeur d'usage à la valeur d'échange, elle postule que l'accumulation infinie du capital est porteuse de bien-être et tient pour acquis que les forces libres du marché conduisent la société à son optimum et à son équilibre.

Ce livre propose une critique sociale et écologique de l'économie capitaliste contemporaine en effectuant un retour sur l'économie politique, d'Aristote à Smith et Ricardo, et sur sa critique radicale accomplie par Marx : le travail est le seul créateur de valeur économique, et cette valeur acquiert une reconnaissance sociale à travers l'échange monétaire, que celui-ci soit marchand ou non marchand.

Mais l'humanité puise dans la nature des richesses irréductibles à la valeur économique, richesses que le capitalisme tente de transformer en nouvelles marchandises et donc en occasions de profit. Toutes les institutions internationales, prises de panique devant la dégradation écologique, s'évertuent à calculer la valeur intrinsèque de la nature, celle des services qu'elle rend, afin de la réduire à du capital qu'il s'agira de rentabiliser.

En maintenant la distinction radicale entre richesse et valeur, ce livre montre au contraire l'importance de ce qui échappe à la quantification marchande parce que c'est inestimable."

"Matthew B. Crawford était un brillant universitaire, bien payé pour travailler dans un think tank à Washington. Au bout de quelques mois, déprimé, il démissionne pour ouvrir... un atelier de réparation de motos. À partir du récit de son étonnante reconversion professionnelle, il livre dans cet ouvrage intelligent et drôle l'une des réflexions les plus fines qu'il nous ait été donné de lire sur le sens et la valeur du travail dans les sociétés occidentales. Mêlant anecdotes, récit et réflexions philosophiques et sociologiques, il montre que ce " travail intellectuel ", dont on nous rebat les oreilles depuis que nous sommes entrés dans l'" économie du savoir ", se révèle pauvre et déresponsabilisant. De manière très fine, à l'inverse, il restitue l'expérience de ceux qui, comme lui, s'emploient à fabriquer ou réparer des objets - ce qu'on ne fait plus guère dans un monde où on l'on ne sait plus rien faire d'autre qu'acheter, jeter et remplacer. II montre que le travail manuel peut même se révéler beaucoup plus captivant d'un point de vue intellectuel que tous les nouveaux emplois de l'" économie du savoir "."

"How do societies channel flows of information so that they can be responded to meaningfully, effectively, and wisely? How do societies maintain and transmit values, skills, and insights about the world so that they can be reproduced and built upon from one generation to the next? These are questions that might generally be assembled under the heading of collective intelligence; and while the term collective intelligence has been increasingly appropriated by studies of computing, business, and finance,1 it may be argued that a naturalistic study of collective intelligence—one that examines the ways that structures of collective perception, meaning making, and decision making function, evolve, and are reproduced across time2—is crucial to the field of planetary health, pertaining as it does to the wellbeing of both society and the natural world..."

"While climate change adaptation research has increasingly focused on aspects of culture, a systematic treatment of the role of legal culture in how communities respond to climate risk has yet to be produced. This is despite the fact that law and legal authority are implicated in most, if not all, of the ways in which actors seek to reduce the risks posed to communities by climate change. Using a scoping review methodology, this article examines the intersection of climate change adaptation and legal culture in existing research. Overall, we find that the significance of legal culture for adaptation actions has been under-explored. Yet, it is also clear that a focus on legal culture holds significant promise for our understanding of climate change adaptation. We set out a research agenda for the field, highlighting the ways in which a focus on legal culture may enrich existing key themes within climate change adaptation research."