Documents parent 30 results

"I estimate the effect of maternal incarceration on education and labor market outcomes. I link mother–child panels and estimate maternal fixed effects to control for unobservable household heterogeneity. Maternal incarceration from birth to age 10 is associated with increased grade retention and dropout rates. Conditional on completing high school, incarceration from 15 to 17 is associated with decreased college attendance. Maternal incarceration does not appear to have a further effect on employment, but some wage penalties are apparent. Propensity score analysis suggests that controlling for unobservable household characteristics is vital when examining the link between incarceration and labor outcomes."

"La regolazione dei rapporti di lavoro nel nostro Paese è stata oggetto di importanti trasformazioni negli ultimi decenni: il "Pacchetto Treu" (L. 196/1997), la "Riforma Biagi" (L. 30/2003), la "Riforma Fornero" (L. 92/2012) e, da ultimo, il "Jobs Act" (L. 183/2014, con decreti attuativi) hanno accentuato la "flessibilità" nel mondo del lavoro. Per oltre vent'anni, la retorica politica, con lo scopo di supportare i cambiamenti legislativi, ha attribuito poteri taumaturgici alla flessibilità lavorativa: maggiore occupazione, capacità di aiutare i giovani a inserirsi nel mondo del lavoro e una più elevata produttività del sistema-Paese sono solo alcuni dei meno improbabili. Le storie di vita dei lavoratori "flessibili" raccontano esperienze che raramente trovano rappresentazione nei mass-media: professionalità altamente qualificate con una retribuzione al di sotto del limite di sopravvivenza; lavoratrici costrette a posticipare la maternità; uomini e donne senza un'identità lavorativa che possa dare loro dignità di fronte alla società. La letteratura economica, sociale e giuridica frequentemente con analisi transdisciplinari - ha da tempo messo in luce anche le implicazioni meno accettabili della progressiva flessibilizzazione del mercato del lavoro. Fornire un quadro sintetico delle ricerche critiche sul lavoro flessibile è uno degli scopi del volume, che presenta i risultati di tre anni di studi riguardanti 9.936 famiglie del Comune di Milano.
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"The article examines cross-national variations in attitudes towards gender roles and the extent to which they map onto regime types. It explores intra-national variation in attitudes to non-traditional gendered behaviour drawing on the theoretical approach of the ‘economy of conventions', informed by feminist perspectives from comparative research. Data from the European Social Survey are used to map where there is a strong degree of resonance or dissonance between societal and individual attitudes and how these are attenuated by sex and employment status. The results expose unexpected national and intra-national similarities and differences. Societies characterized by a traditional male breadwinner model, such as Spain, indicate a higher degree of permissive values than expected; more liberal countries like the UK show high degrees of indifference, as well as a strong element of traditionalism. Dissonance and indifference compromise traditional gendered conventions and illustrate underlying tensions at the individual and societal level in resolving gender conflicts."

"This study examines how changes in gender role attitudes of couples after childbirth relate to women's paid work and the type of childcare used. Identifying attitude-practice dissonances matters because how they get resolved influences mothers' future employment. Previous research examined changes in women's attitudes and employment, or spouses' adaptations to each others' attitudes. This is extended by considering how women and men in couples simultaneously adapt to parenthood in terms of attitude and behavioural changes and by exploring indirect effects of economic constraints. Structural equation models and regression analysis based on the British Household Panel Survey (1991-2007) are applied. The results suggest that less traditional attitudes among women and men are more likely in couples where women's postnatal labour market participation and the use of formal childcare contradict their traditional prenatal attitudes. Women's prenatal earnings have an indirect effect on attitude change of both partners through incentives for maternal employment."

"We study the effect of negative labour market shocks borne by parents during the Covid-19 crisis on resource and time investments in children and the channels through which negative labour market shocks experienced by parents might affect children. Using data collected in the UK before and during the pandemic, we show that fathers and mothers that were already disadvantaged were more likely to have suffered negative earnings and employment shocks. These shocks had an immediate intergenerational impact: Children whose fathers reported an earnings drop to zero are significantly less likely to have received additional paid learning resources compared to similar children whose fathers did not experience a drop in earnings. Potentially offsetting this, they received about 30 more mins of parental help with schoolwork per day. Parental mental health is negatively affected when they experience earnings losses, and fathers who experience a full loss in earnings were less likely to quarrel or talk about things that matter with their kids than fathers who did not suffer earnings drops. The interactions between labour market shocks, parental investments and school closures are likely to have important implications for future inequality."

"The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic upended work, family, and social life. These massive changes may have created shifts in exposure to work-life conflict. Using a national survey that followed Canadian workers from September 2019 into April and June 2020, the authors find that work-life conflict decreased among those with no children at home. In contrast, for those with children at home, the patterns depended on age of youngest child. Among individuals with children younger than 6 or between 6 and 12, no decreases in work-life conflict were observed. In contrast, those with teenagers did not differ from the child-free. Although these patterns did not significantly differ by gender, they were amplified among individuals with high work-home integration. These findings suggest an overall pattern of reduced work-life conflict during the pandemic—but also that these shifts were circumscribed by age of youngest child at home and the degree of work-home integration."

"We tested an expanded model of the socialization of union attitudes using data from 120 undergraduates and their parents. As hypothesized, students' perceptions of parental union attitudes, union participation and job satisfaction were significantly predicted by parental self reports. Moreover, tests of three competing models suggested that student perceptions mediated the relationships between parental work and union experiences and students' own union attitudes and work beliefs. These findings are taken as support for the family socialization of work beliefs and union attitudes. "

"Background Children born to parents with lower income and education are at risk for obesity and later-life risk of common chronic diseases, and epigenetics has been hypothesised to link these associations. However, epigenetic targets are unknown. We focus on a cluster of well-characterised genomically imprinted genes because their monoallelic expression is regulated by DNA methylation at differentially methylated regions (DMRs), are critical in fetal growth, and DNA methylation patterns at birth have been associated with increased risk of birth weight extremes and overweight status or obesity in early childhood. Methods We measured DNA methylation at DMRs regulating genomically imprinted domains (IGF2/H19, DLK1/MEG3, NNAT and PLAGL1) using umbilical cord blood leucocytes from 619 infants recruited in Durham, North Carolina in 2010–2011. We examined differences in DNA methylation levels by race/ethnicity of both parents, and the role that maternal socioeconomic status (SES) may play in the association between race/ethnic epigenetic differences. Results Unadjusted race/ethnic differences only were evident for DMRs regulating MEG3 and IGF2; race/ethnic differences persisted in IGF2/H19 and NNAT after accounting for income and education. Conclusions Results suggest that parental factors may not only influence DNA methylation, but also do so in ways that vary by DMR. Findings support the hypothesis that epigenetics may link the observed lower SES during the prenatal period and poor outcomes such as low birth weight; lower birth weight has previously been associated with adult-onset chronic diseases and conditions that include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity and some cancers."

"Traditionally, women have taken on a more caring role than men and this still holds true today. This has become a problem, since European and national policy urge women to take on a larger share of labour participation. If women spend more time working outside the home, it would be unfair for them to keep doing the same amount of work within the household. The European Union encourages men to take on a fairer share of the tasks within the household and family. The research project 'Working Fathers, Caring Men' was funded by the Community initiative ESF-Equal and co-funded by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. The research was carried out by the Verwey-Jonker Institute in Utrecht. To achieve a fair distribution of work and care between men and women, good-quality national facilities are required, such as paid leave arrangements, flexible working practices, tax advantages for dual-income families and accessible childcare. But although these arrangements are essential for achieving a fairer distribution, they are not sufficient to ensure that men and women can, in principle, carry out all tasks within the household and family. More will need to change if a more just distribution of household and family tasks between men and women is to take place in the future. Based on exceptional practices in the Netherlands and good practices from several European countries, this research shows how a change in the distribution of household and family tasks can be brought about."