Documents extrapolation animal man 3 results

"A detailed evaluation of the principles and methods currently used to explore the association between exposure to chemicals and the development of adverse neurobehavioural changes. Emphasis is placed on the use of animals as systems to model and predict adverse reactions in the human nervous system.
The book has five sections. The first deals with general factors to be considered in the design of neurotoxicity studies and in the statistical analysis of their results. Experience acquired in the recent outbreaks of poisoning from methyl mercury and carbon disulfide are used to demonstrate both the importance of evaluating the neurotoxicity of chemicals and the power of animal studies to predict human responses. The remaining sections provide extensive information on methods developed in each of the four major research disciplines that contribute to the neurotoxic assessment of environmental chemicals. "

This paper discusses how health risk assessments have been conducted over the past 10 years and some of their shortcomings. Improved methods and their impact on how exposure limits for air contaminants should be established are also discussed. Examples are given of possible pitfalls in all areas of the assessment process, i.e. hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterisation. It is concluded that, in future, more enlightened approaches to interpreting animal bioassay data should improve hazard identification, and biologically based disposition and cancer models will provide better estimates of actual cancer risk. Reliance on worst-case exposure scenarios should no longer be necessary in the light of better information on specific exposure parameters and improved data handling methods.

"The preceding paper described our numerical index of carcinogenic potency, the TD50 and the statistical procedures adopted for estimating it from experimental data. This paper presents the Carcinogenic Potency Database, which includes results of about 3000 long-term, chronic experiments of 770 test compounds. Part II is a discussion of the sources of our data, the rationale for the inclusion of particular experiments and particular target sites, and the conventions adopted in summarizing the literature. Part III is a guide to the plot of results presented in Part IV. A number of appendices are provided to facilitate use of the database. The plot includes information about chronic cancer tests in mammals, such as dose and other aspects of experimental protocol, histopathology and tumor incidence, TD50 and its statistical significance, dose response, author's opinion and literature reference. The plot readily permits comparisons of carcinogenic potency and many other aspects of cancer tests; it also provides quantitative information about negative tests. The range of carcinogenic potency is over 10 million-fold."