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"Issues of justice, freedom and equality have preoccupied humanity since the emergence of the earliest social communities.
The paths and steps towards achieving these general goals have been as varied as the places, people and organisations involved. Put simply, there is no single blueprint for social progress.
Movements in Europe resulting in improved social conditions have arisen from a multitude of factors and trends. Humanism, the Enlightenment, workers', women's and civil rights movements, the international peace movement and countless small- and large-scale currents and initiatives have contributed to social progress and emancipation in European countries. The pathways may have differed, but the goals have been the same.
Featuring examples from 13 nations across Europe, this publication aims to give readers a better understanding of how the situation has developed in these countries, to foster mutual learning and to encourage further engagement with the specific histories of social progress in Europe. This is a desire shared by all those who participated in this project. After all, recognising and accepting similarities and differences is one of the key prerequisites for developing viable ideas and programmes for a social, just and peaceful Europe."

"Les questions de justice, de liberté et d'égalité des droits occupent les hommes depuis la naissance des premières communautés sociales. Les chemins et les étapes dans la poursuite de ces grands objectifs sont aussi divers que les lieux où elle s'est développée et les acteurs qui y ont contribué. En un mot : il n'existe pas de panacée ni de modèle unique pour le progrès social. Les mouvements qui, en Europe, ont conduit à de meilleures conditions sociales, s'articulent sur de nombreux moments forts et s'inspirent d'un grand nombre d'orientations. Humanisme, Lumières, mouvement ouvrier, des femmes ou pour les droits des citoyens, mouvement international pour la paix, sans compter d'innombrables initiatives et courants, les uns limités ou éphémères, d'autres majeurs : tous ont contribué au progrès social et à l'émancipation dans les pays européens. Les objectifs sont communs, mais à chacun sa route ! À l'aide d'exemples tirés de l'expérience de treize pays d'Europe, ce recueil de textes veut ouvrir à une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution sociale dans ces pays, favoriser l'apprentissage mutuel et inciter à une plus grande attention portée aux aspects variés de l'histoire des progrès sociaux en Europe. C'est le vœu de tous ceux qui ont participé à ce projet; car la reconnaissance et l'acceptation de ce que nous avons en commun et de différent est l'une des conditions nécessaires pour formuler des idées et des programmes pertinents pour une Europe sociale, juste et pacifique."

"L'essere umano si è occupato delle questioni relative a giustizia, libertà e uguaglianza sin da quando sorsero le prime forme di comunità sociale. I percorsi e le fasi verso il raggiungimento di questi obiettivi generali sono tanto vari quanto la molteplicità di luoghi e soggetti. Si potrebbe riassumere affermando che non si può pianificare il progresso sociale. I movimenti europei che conducono e hanno condotto a condizioni migliori sotto il profilo sociale derivano da molte fasi e orientamenti. L'Umanesimo, l'Illuminismo, i movimenti per i diritti civili in generale e nella specie a favore dei lavoratori e della popolazione femminile, i movimenti pacifisti internazionali nonché le innumerevoli correnti ed iniziative di maggiore o minore portata hanno contribuito tutti al progresso sociale e all'emancipazione nei paesi europei: stessi obiettivi, percorsi propri! Il presente libro di lettura, grazie ad esempi raccolti in tredici nazioni europee, si prefigge di contribuire ad una migliore comprensione degli sviluppi verificatisi in tali paesi. Esso deve stimolare l'apprendimento reciproco e indurre a continuare ad occuparsi di vicende specifiche del progresso sociale in Europa. Questo era e rimane l'auspicio di tutti coloro che hanno partecipato al progetto, poiché il riconoscimento e l'accettazione delle analogie e delle differenze costituiscono presupposti necessari per lo sviluppo di idee e programmi finalizzati ad un'esistenza socialmente equa e pacifica, in Europa e per l'Europa."

"LOS TEMAS relacionados con la justicia, la libertad y la igualdad vienen interesando a la humanidad desde la aparición de las primeras comunidades sociales. Los caminos y los pasos hacia la realización de estos objetivos generales han sido tan variados como los lugares y los actores implicados. O sea: no existe un modelo único para el progreso social.
Los movimientos en Europa que han dado lugar a una mejora de las condiciones sociales han surgido de una multitud de factores y tendencias. El humanismo, la Iluminación, los movimientos de trabajadores, mujeres y derechos civiles, el movimiento internacional por la paz e innumerables corrientes e iniciativas a pequeña y gran escala han contribuido al progreso social y a la emancipación en los países europeos. Los caminos pueden haber sido diferentes pero los objetivos eran los mismos.
Esta publicación, que incluye ejemplos de 13 países de toda Europa, pretende ofrecer a los lectores una mejor comprensión de cómo ha ido evolucionando la situación en estos países, fomentar el aprendizaje mutuo y potenciar un compromiso continuado con las historias específicas del progreso social en Europa. Éste es un deseo compartido por todos los que participaron en este proyecto. Al fin y al cabo, reconocer y aceptar similitudes y diferencias es uno de los requisitos previos clave para desarrollar ideas y programas viables para una Europa social, justa y pacífica."

"Pytania dotyczace sprawiedliwosci, wolnosci i równosci zajmuja ludzkosc od momentu powstania najwczesniejszych formacji społecznych. Działania podejmowane w celu zapewnienia tych ogólnych wartosci maja rózne formy i zaleza od miejsca oraz zaangazowanych podmiotów. Mozna rzec, ze postep społeczny nie przebiega wszedzie w oparciu o jeden uniwersalny plan.
Europejskie ruchy, które doprowadziły i nadal daza do zapewnienia lepszych warunków socjalnych, napedzane sa wieloma bodźcami i rozwijaja sie w róznych kierunkach. Do postepu społecznego i emancypacji w krajach europejskich przyczyniły sie takie idee i prady jak humanizm, oswiecenie, ruch robotniczy i kobiecy czy ogólny ruch na rzecz praw obywatelskich, miedzynarodowy ruch na rzecz pokoju oraz wiele innych, mniejszych i wiekszych nurtów i inicjatyw. Wspólne cele – rózne sposoby na ich osiagniecie!
Celem zbioru jest zilustrowanie procesu rozwoju idei społecznych na przykładzie trzynastu krajów europejskich. Ma to słuzyc promowaniu wzajemnego uczenia sie od siebie i zachecic do dalszego poznawania historii postepu społecznego w poszczególnych krajach kontynentu. Taki był i jest zamysł wszystkich osób zaangazowanych w projekt. Dostrzezenie i akceptacja podobieństw i róznic jest jednym z warunków niezbednych dla rozwoju zrównowazonych idei i programów na rzecz swiadomego społecznie, sprawiedliwego i pokojowego zycia w Europie i dla Europy."

"Background
Young workers (≤25 years) face a well-documented increased risk of occupational injury, but little is known about their risk for occupational disease or how it compares to older workers, even though similar factors may contribute to both injuries and hazardous exposures.
Objective
The objective of this mixed-methods study was to assess young workers' ability to identify carcinogens and identify factors that may be indicative of a higher risk of occupational cancer.
Methods
We conducted a survey of young workers in Canada and the United Kingdom via Prolific to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours around carcinogenic exposures in the workplace. Participants were asked True/False (T/F) questions on factors affecting hazardous exposures, Likert-scale questions on workplace behaviours, and to identify carcinogens among various hazards. Scores were assigned based on ability to identify carcinogens, median scores were compared across demographics, occupational groupings, and responses. Participants were then recruited to participate in focus groups to discuss questions in further detail.
Results
Median scores were lowest among participants in (1) retail and sales, and (2) agriculture, trades and manufacturing. Regardless of occupation, the ability to identify carcinogens was low. Median carcinogen scores were lower among incorrect T/F responses related to hazardous exposure. Many participants indicated a lack of knowledge regarding workplace hazards or how they may affect their health despite reporting receiving training.
Conclusions
There are knowledge gaps by occupational groups that highlight a need for improvements to the delivery of training to young workers in the primary sector, manufacturing, and retail and sales."

This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

"This book presents a broad-ranging survey of contemporary writing about work and employment. It identifies three broad traditions of research and commentary on work - the unitary perspective, the pluralist perspective and the critical perspective - and describes the contemporary output of these traditions; i.e. it surveys current research and argument found within these traditions. The book also surveys debate between these traditions, and the second part of the book presents a detailed account of debate over four current issues. These issues are employee participation, customer culture, equality and diversity and the impact of the global financial crisis. The source material for the book comes from the UK, USA and other countries and the arguments contained within it have international relevance. The book provides an overview of recent work on the employment relationship and the debate and controversy that can be seen in this area of study. Framing Work will be of interest to academics researching and writing about employment and to advanced students in Industrial Relations, Human Resource Management, Organization Studies, and Sociology."

"Employment law has increasingly struggled to adapt to complex modern work arrangements, from agency work to corporate groups. This book suggests that the reason for this failure can be found in our concept of the employer, which has become riddled with internal contradictions in its search for a unitary employer, the counterparty to a bilateral contract, through a series of multi-functional tests focussed on the exercise of a range of employer functions. As a result of this tension, full employment law coverage is restricted to a narrow scenario where a single legal entity exercises all employer functions - a paradigm far from the reality of modern labour markets characterized by a fragmentation of work, from the rise of employment agencies and service companies to corporate groups and Private Equity investors. These problems can only be addressed by a careful reconceptualization and the development of a functional concept of the employer. The book draws on existing models in English, German, and European law to develop a definition of the employer as the entity, or combination of entities, exercising functions regulated in a particular domain of employment law. Each of the two strands of the current concept is addressed in turn to demonstrate how a more openly multi-functional approach can successfully overcome the rigidities of the current notion without abandoning a coherent underlying framework. It fills a crucial gap in employment law and corporate law with its analysis of the defects in our current understanding of the employer, and in developing a new functional concept designed to overcome the problems identified."

"Corporate boards play a central role in corporate governance and are thus regulated in the corporate law and corporate governance codes of all industrialized countries. Yet while there is a common core of rules on the boards considerable differences remain. These differences depend partly on shareholder structure, partly on historical, political and social developments and especially employee representation on the board. More recently, in particular with the rise of the international corporate governance code movement, there is a clear tendency towards convergence, at least in terms of the formal provisions of the codes.

This book analyses the corporate boards, their regulation in law and codes and their actual functioning in ten European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). It offers the most up to date practical and analytical information on boards in Europe by leading company law experts. The issues addressed include: board structure, composition and functioning (one tier v. two tier, independent directors, expertise and diversity, separating the chair and the CEO functions, information streams, committees, voting and employee representation); enforcement by liability rules (in particular conflicts of interest), incentive structures (remuneration) and shareholder activism."

"Crisi economica e finanziaria, deregolamentazione, liberalizzazione dei mercati, smantellamento dello Stato sociale. Cresce il bisogno di unire l'azione collettiva di contrattazione sindacale con quella di tutela individuale, tipica del Patronato, di trasformare le conquiste della contrattazione collettiva in diritto soggettivo, esercitabile sul piano individuale. Ma come si svolge la tutela individuale negli altri Paesi d'Europa? Chi assicura questa funzione dove non esistono istituti simili al patronato sindacale italiano? Questa pubblicazione presenta i risultati di un'interessante ricerca comparativa e realizza un viaggio attraverso le parole e i fatti che rendono concreta l'azione di tutela individuale, in Italia e in Europa. Vengono esaminati cinque Paesi europei: Belgio, Francia, Germania, Regno Unito e Svezia. Punto di partenza di tutta la comparazione è il «Patronato» sindacale italiano, la cui azione non ha corrispettivi immediati in nessun altro Paese.
Prendendo in prestito una terminologia consolidata tra gli studiosi dei regimi di welfare, lo studio mette in evidenza la connotazione universalistica dei servizi dei Patronati italiani e quella selettiva, di tipo occupazionale, dei sindacati degli altri Paesi. La comparazione fa emergere in ciascun Paese una diversa «mappa della tutela individuale», che mostra le diverse e specifiche «vie» che ciascun sindacato nazionale ha potuto e saputo sperimentare e costruire nel proprio sistema sociale di riferimento. Se altrove i sindacati hanno avuto modi diversi d'interpretare la loro missione d'interesse generale, la via italiana ha trovato la propria forma originale nella funzione e missione di tutela individuale universale e gratuita del Patronato, organica ma distinta rispetto all'altra, di tutela collettiva, spettante all'organizzazione madre: il sindacato in quanto tale."