Documents human factors 54 results

"Despite the massive developments in new technologies, materials and industrial systems, notably supported by advanced structural and risk control assessments, recent major accidents are challenging the practicality and effectiveness of risk control measures designed to improve reliability and reduce the likelihood of losses. Contemporary investigations of accidents occurred in high-technology systems highlighted the connection between human-related issues and major events, which led to catastrophic consequences. Consequently, the understanding of human behavioural characteristics interlaced with current technology aspects and organisational context seems to be of paramount importance for the safety & reliability field. First, significant drawbacks related to the human performance data collection will be minimised by the development of a novel industrial accidents dataset, the Multi-attribute Technological Accidents Dataset (MATA-D), which groups 238 major accidents from different industrial backgrounds and classifies them under a common framework (the Contextual Control Model used as basis for the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method). The accidents collection and the detailed interpretation will provide a rich data source, enabling the usage of integrated information to generate input to design improvement schemes. Then, implications to improve robustness of system design and tackle the surrounding factors and tendencies that could lead to the manifestation of human errors will be effectively addressed."

"This paper describes an experiment that was undertaken to compare three levels of automation in rail signalling; a high level in which an automated agent set routes for trains using timetable information, a medium level in which trains were routed along pre-defined paths, and a low level where the operator (signaller) was responsible for the movement of all trains. These levels are described in terms of a Rail Automation Model based on previous automation theory (Parasuraman et al., 2000). Performance, subjective workload, and signaller activity were measured for each level of automation running under both normal operating conditions and abnormal, or disrupted, conditions. The results indicate that perceived workload, during both normal and disrupted phases of the experiment, decreased as the level of automation increased and performance was most consistent (i.e. showed the least variation between participants) with the highest level of automation. The results give a strong case in favour of automation, particularly in terms of demonstrating the potential for automation to reduce workload, but also suggest much benefit can achieved from a mid-level of automation potentially at a lower cost and complexity."

"This retrospective study examined the levels of appreciation (applause) given by clients to Human Factors/Ergonomic (HFE) specialists after they have modified the systems of work. Thirteen non-academic projects were chosen because the HFE interventions involved changed the way workers work at their workplaces. Companies involved range from multi-national corporations and military organizations with thousands of employees to small trading companies with less than 10 employees. In 5 cases the HFE recommendations were fully adopted and well appreciated. In 4 they were largely ignored and not appreciated, with partial adoption and some appreciation in the other 4 cases.Three factors that predict appreciation were identified: (i) alignment between the benefits HFE can provide and the project's key performance indices; (ii) awareness of HFE among the client's senior management; and (iii) a team organization appropriate for applying HFE recommendations. Having an HFE specialist on the client's side can greatly increase levels of appreciation, but lack of such a specialist will not affect levels of appreciation. A clear contractual requirement for HFE intervention does not promote appreciation significantly, but its absence can greatly reduce levels of appreciation. These relationships are discussed using the Kano's model of quality. Means to generate greater appreciation of the benefits of HFE are discussed. Partial finding of this study was presented at the keynote address of the 1st Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Philippines Conference held in Nov., 2012."

"Human factors systems approaches are critical for improving healthcare quality and patient safety. The SEIPS (Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety) model of work system and patient safety is a human factors systems approach that has been successfully applied in healthcare research and practice. Several research and practical applications of the SEIPS model are described. Important implications of the SEIPS model for healthcare system and process redesign are highlighted. Principles for redesigning healthcare systems using the SEIPS model are described. Balancing the work system and encouraging the active and adaptive role of workers are key principles for improving healthcare quality and patient safety."

"Ergonomics/human factors is, above anything else, a systems discipline and profession, applying a systems philosophy and systems approaches. Many things are labelled as system in today's world, and this paper specifies just what attributes and notions define ergonomics/human factors in systems terms. These are obviously a systems focus, but also concern for context, acknowledgement of interactions and complexity, a holistic approach, recognition of emergence and embedding of the professional effort involved within organization system. These six notions are illustrated with examples from a large body of work on rail human factors."

"Sommes-nous bien protégés des risques industriels ? On ne va pas se mentir, la réponse est plutôt négative. Et c'est pour cela que nous publions ce dossier, "à froid", pour faire réfléchir les acteurs. Non, la situation dans les industries à risque n'est pas aussi sûre qu'elle devrait l'être. Sans doute pas à cause d'une insuffisante maîtrise technologique : en France et dans la majorité des pays développés, nous avons des ingénieurs compétents, capables de concevoir des installations sophistiquées, des automatismes et des procédures prévoyant un maximum de situations. Sauf qu'on aurait tort de croire que tout peut être prévu et réglé. Les causes profondes des grandes catastrophes industrielles, Bhopal, Tchernobyl, AZF, pour ne citer que les plus connues, sont d'origine organisationnelle. Or, de ce point de vue, si les industries à risque ont fait d'indéniables progrès sur la prise de conscience du poids de l'organisation du travail dans la construction d'une culture de sécurité, elles n'échappent pas au renforcement des contraintes de temps, aux politiques de sous-traitance, à la rationalisation des tâches, aux risques psychosociaux… Autant de dégradations des conditions de travail qui entraînent des difficultés de coopération, de partage et de mise en débat des expériences, indispensables pour garantir un bon niveau de sécurité industrielle. Miser sur l'intelligence des opérateurs est aussi crucial que de parier sur celle des experts."

"The term ‘sociotechnical' was first coined in the context of industrial democracy. In comparing two projects on shipping in Esso to help define the concept, the essential categories were found to be where systems boundaries were set, and what factors were considered to be relevant ‘human' characteristics. This is often discussed in terms of values. During the nineteen-sixties and seventies sociotechnical theory related to the shop-floor work system, and contingency theory to the organisation as a whole, the two levels being distinct. With the coming of information technology, this distinction became blurred; the term 'socio-structural' is proposed to describe the whole system. IT sometimes is the operating technology, it sometimes supports the operating technology, or it may sometimes be mistaken for the operating technology. This is discussed with reference to recent air accidents."

"This paper challenges the dominant discourse that the Internet is changing the economy dramatically. In a context where digitised value creation is spreading, it critiques the economically- inspired diagnosis of a fundamentally changed Internet economy from a sociological perspective and establishes that the available economic data do not justify this prognosis. It next critically discusses current research into Web-related value creation, starting with a classic and generic definition of the concept. It then suggests a new conceptual approach to the relationship between Web and value, drawing a clear disticntion between value generation and value realisation and differentiating both along the offline/online and commodities/commons dimensions. By means of these steps, the paper concludes that human labour remains the key source both of value origination and of value realisation processes, even in the Web 2.0 Internet economy."