Documents travel expenses 9 results

"This paper explores people's willingness to reduce travel consumption in support of the transition to a low-carbon pathway beyond COVID-19, using new survey data from UK car drivers and air travellers. Evidence from our study indicates that reductions of 24% - 30% to car use and 20% - 26% to air travel could be sustained in the long term. This potentially could lead to annual reductions of 343–529 kgCO2 per car driver (20% - 29% of pre-COVID-19 car emissions) and 215–359 kgCO2 per air traveller (10% - 20% of pre-COVID-19 emissions from flying), suggesting that behavioural change may be a major route to emissions reductions. We find that stated voluntary reductions are greater among those who report having ‘more time to do creative things' since the start of the COVID-19 lockdowns. Hence, recovery policies promoting low-carbon leisure time may be a key to consumption reductions. We also find that higher-income travellers consume and pollute substantially more than the rest, and yet there is little difference in relative voluntary reductions across the income distribution. We conclude that behaviour associated with affluence represents a major barrier to a low-carbon transition, and that policies must address over-consumption associated with affluence as a priority."

"Sociological understanding of how business travellers make use of travel time is somewhat lacking. This article addresses this gap in knowledge via presenting an analysis of survey-based data collected from business people travelling by plane, train and car. Through disaggregating the data by travel mode, journey stage, technology use and task type the article provides a level of granular detail in the general patterns of business travellers' travel time behaviour not previously provided by other surveys. Utilizing the concept of ‘affordances', the article shows how the type of work activities undertaken are shaped by the dynamic interaction between the characteristics in the travel environment, the type of work tasks undertaken and work technologies utilized in carrying out these tasks and the active choices of business travellers."

"Agency work is considered to be one of the essential tools of the modern labour market that allows employers to respond flexibly to changed economic conditions, depending on greater or lesser requirements for labour. A progressively developing segment of the European labour market, agency work should provide a certain level of benefit to both employer and employees. However, in the Slovak Republic, agency work is becoming problematic as regards individual labour law and for the social security system. Certain practices on the part of some agencies create fundamental market distortions in the Slovak Republic. These include the circumvention of legal provisions regarding the employment relationship for a fixed-term period, as the basic unit of the labour law relationship; the paying of part of the wages of agency workers in the form of reimbursements of travel expenses, without there actually being any change in the place of work; and the failure to secure adequate working conditions, for example with regard to occupational safety and health protection at work. "

"This background analysis surveys how, and for which groups of workers, European Union member states regulate reimbursement of travel, board and lodging costs. The report provides an overview of national and EU law and EU law analyses these costs are regulated in relation to the worker's salary. It also offers an analysis of the existing legal framework concerning reimbursement and the changes brought by recent amendments to the Posted Workers Directive."

"Bei aller Selbstverständlichkeit, mit der tagtäglich tausende Arbeitnehmer Dienstreisen durchführen, überrascht es, mit welchen Unsicherheiten und Unklarheiten die Thematik der Dienstreisen in arbeitsrechtlicher Hinsicht einhergeht. So ist insbesondere unklar, inwieweit es sich bei den damit verbundenen Reisezeiten überhaupt um Arbeitszeit handelt.

In diesem Band werden zunächst die bestehenden Wertungswidersprüche herausgearbeitet mit dem Ziel, durch einen einheitlichen arbeitsrechtlichen Arbeitszeitbegriff diese Widersprüche zu beseitigen. Der Fokus liegt sodann auf der Thematik der betrieblichen Mitbestimmung bei Dienstreisezeiten sowie den Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einzel- und kollektivvertraglicher Gestaltung von Dienstreisen."

"Theorising the relationships between information communication technology (ICT), travel and work continues to preoccupy researchers interested in multinational corporations (MNCs). One motivation is the desire to understand ways of reducing demand for and the negative consequences of business travel. Existing studies offer, however, little in the way of theoretical explanation of why situations that require travel arise in the first instance and how they might be avoided. To address this shortcoming, this paper analyses two case study engineering consultancy MNCs to develop a novel sociomaterial perspective on the role of travel and ICTs. It introduces the concept of the synthetic work mobility situation which highlights the way ICT and travel exert agency that constitutes ways of working and the organisational form of MNCs. The concept also recasts questions about ways of reducing demand for travel as questions about ways of reconstituting the sociomaterial organisation of the MNC."

"The advancement of science and evidence-based solutions for planetary health increasingly require interdisciplinary and international learning and sharing. Yet aviation travel to academic conferences is carbon-intensive and expensive, thus perpetuating planetary health and equity challenges. Using data from five annual international Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy Week conferences from 2016 to 2020, we explore whether moving to virtual conferencing produced co-benefits for climate, participation, attendee interaction, and satisfaction. We report on: absolute number of attendees, proportion of attendees from countries of different income levels, number of participants at social events, aviation CO2 emissions, and overall ratings of the event by participants. Transitioning online resulted in large reductions in travel-related aviation CO2 emissions, alongside increased attendance—including among attendees from low-income and middle-income countries. This was achieved without a major change in the participant rating of the event. However, the online format resulted in lower participation in conference social events. The urgency of reducing CO2 emissions in pursuit of planetary health and improving equity in scientific exchange requires new modalities of academic conferencing. This study indicates that co-benefits can be achieved when transitioning online. Challenges exist for virtual events, such as emulating the intangible facets of in-person interactions, overcoming time-zone limitations, and digital divides."