Documents male occupation 46 results

"OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this study was to examine whether differences in male and female occupations and workplaces explain gender differences in self-certified (1-3 days) and medically confirmed sickness absence episodes of various lengths (> or = 4 days, >2 weeks, >60 days). Analyses in the main ICD-10 diagnostic groups were conducted for absence episodes of >2 weeks. Furthermore, we examined whether the contribution of occupation is related to different distributions of female and male jobs across the social class hierarchy.
METHODS:
All municipal employees of the City of Helsinki at the beginning of 2004 (N=36 395) were followed-up until the end of 2007. Conditional fixed-effects Poisson regression was used to control for differences between occupations and workplaces.
RESULTS:
Controlling for occupation accounted for half of the female excess in self-certified and medically confirmed episodes lasting >60 days. In the intermediate categories, this explained about one third of the female excess. The effect of workplace was similar but weaker. Occupational and workplace differences explained the female excess in sickness absence due to mental and behavioral disorders, musculoskeletal diseases, and respiratory diseases. The effect of occupation was clearly stronger than that of social class in self-certified absence episodes, whereas in medically confirmed sickness absence episodes gender differences were to a large extent related to social class differences between occupations.
CONCLUSIONS:
Differences between occupations held by women and men explain a substantial part of the female excess in sickness absence. Mental and behavioral disorders and musculoskeletal diseases substantially contribute to this explanation."

"Une femme de moins de 35 ans, diplômée et exerçant un métier caractérisé comme masculin : tel pourrait être le portrait type de la victime de comportements sexistes au travail. D'où l'intérêt préventif de développer la mixité professionnelle.Les comportements sexistes au travail sont étudiés, dans les grandes enquêtes, comme une forme des "comportements hostiles". La dimension sexiste apparaît quand la personne interrogée attribue ceux-ci - entre autres - "au fait d'être un homme ou une femme". Reste à définir les "comportements hostiles". Le problème est suffisamment grave et intime pour qu'on soit attentif à bien le cerner, dès lors qu'on veut compter les personnes concernées."

"Être une femme dirigeante dans le métier financier des fusions-acquisitions est le résultat d'un double exploit : être rentrée et restée dans un métier explicitement étiqueté comme masculin et y avoir atteint les positions les plus hautes. Cet article interroge cet exploit à partir d'une large enquête combinant une base de données des acteurs intervenus en fusions-acquisitions en 2010, des entretiens biographiques et des observations du travail. Il montre comment l'ethos professionnel du groupe, explicitement masculin, agit comme clôture en restreignant l'accès des femmes aux positions dirigeantes. Ce dernier correspond dès lors à la combinaison assez improbable de dispositions qui leur permet une adaptation à cet ethos professionnel masculin."

"En De criada a empleada se muestra la evolución que, desde el comienzo de la industrialización, ha experimentado la división del trabajo según los sexos. Hombres y mujeres trabajaron en fábricas y se adaptaron a las cambiantes condiciones y exigencias del trabajo. En la actualidad las mujeres trabajan por salarios menores que los hombres, y a lo largo de nuestra historia su mano de obra ha sido considerada menos calificada. Incluso la maquinaria que usaban hombres y mujeres fue asignada de acuerdo con el sexo: la máquina de coser, por ejemplo, fue femenina, y el trabajo de las costureras fue, en consecuencia, minusvalorado."

"The UK construction and transport sectors remain the most heavily male-dominated industries, showing minimal progress in women's participation. Long and inflexible working hours presume a male model of the worker unconstrained by caring responsibilities. Yet the experiences of the minority of women who work in these sectors are of interest to those concerned with reducing occupational gender segregation. Sexuality is often overlooked in differentiating women's experience of male-dominated work, and gender conflated with heterosexuality. Through examining the interaction of domestic circumstances and work arrangements of heterosexual women and lesbians, this article finds that atypical domestic circumstances may be required to support male-dominated work. Heterosexual ‘breadwinner' norms were challenged by women's capacity for higher earnings from male-dominated work, but often required strategies to manage associated emotions. Evidence from lesbian relationships indicates a possible shift from prioritization of financial self-sufficiency in the context of legal status for same-sex partnerships."

"BackgroundAlthough men have a higher risk of occupational injuries than women the role of masculinity for organizational safety outcomes has only rarely been the object of research.AimThe current study investigated the association between masculinity and safety oversights, safety priority and safety violations in two male-dominated occupations using both a trait-based and a norm-based approach to masculinity.MethodsQuestionnaires covering trait-based (Bem Sex Role Inventory, BSRI) and norm-based (Male Role Norms Inventory – Revised, MRNI-R) measures of masculinity, three safety-related context factors (safety leadership, commitment of the safety representative, and safety involvement) and three safety-related outcome factors (safety violations, safety oversights and safety priority) were administered twice 12 months apart to Danish ambulance workers (n = 1157) and slaughterhouse workers (n = 920).ResultsAlthough the level of masculinity differed, the same general pattern of associations was identified across the two study populations. A high score on the MRNI was associated with a higher level of safety violations and a reduced propensity to report safety oversights to supervisors. A high score on the BSRI masculinity scale was associated with a higher propensity to report safety oversights, while BSRI femininity was not associated with any of the safety measures.ConclusionNorm-based aspects of masculinity are suitable for analysing the association between masculinity and safety outcomes, whereas trait-based theories do not show strong associations with safety outcomes.ImplicationsThe association between norm-based masculinity and safety measures might be used in tailoring and developing new preventive measures that specifically address masculinity and male role norms."