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Luxembourg

"The Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe report provides an in-depth analysis of recent labour market and wage developments in the EU, the euro area and Member States, primarily from a macroeconomic perspective. This year's edition examines the recent performance of the EU labour market and the challenges ahead in the context of subdued economic growth and ongoing structural changes. It investigates the underlying drivers and weaknesses of the remarkable labour market resilience since 2019. The report also discusses recent wage developments and the persistent social effects of the high inflation period in 2022-2023 and analyses the room for further sustainable wage increases. Finally, the report looks into how to further promote the labour force participation and employment of older adults."
"The Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe report provides an in-depth analysis of recent labour market and wage developments in the EU, the euro area and Member States, primarily from a macroeconomic perspective. This year's edition examines the recent performance of the EU labour market and the challenges ahead in the context of subdued economic growth and ongoing structural changes. It investigates the underlying drivers and ...

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Paris

"This annual publication provides details of taxes paid on wages in OECD countries. This year's edition focuses on fiscal incentives for second earners in the OECD and how tax policy might contribute to gender gaps in labour market outcomes. For the year 2023, the report also examines personal income taxes and social security contributions paid by employees, social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by employers, and cash benefits received by workers. It illustrates how these taxes and benefits are calculated in each member country and examines how they impact household incomes. The results also enable quantitative cross-country comparisons of labour cost levels and the overall tax and benefit position of single persons and families on different levels of earnings. The publication shows average and marginal effective tax rates on labour costs for eight different household types, which vary by income level and household composition (single persons, single parents, one or two earner couples with or without children). The average tax rates measure the part of gross wage earnings or labour costs taken in tax and social security contributions, both before and after cash benefits, and the marginal tax rates the part of a small increase of gross earnings or labour costs that is paid in these levies."
"This annual publication provides details of taxes paid on wages in OECD countries. This year's edition focuses on fiscal incentives for second earners in the OECD and how tax policy might contribute to gender gaps in labour market outcomes. For the year 2023, the report also examines personal income taxes and social security contributions paid by employees, social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by employers, and cash benefits ...

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03.04-66071

Brussels

"This book develops a new approach for estimating the way in which labour costs reflect cost competitiveness. Conventionally, unit labour costs (a standard measure of cost competitiveness) are calculated as indices, without regard to the relative levels of wage costs. To remedy this, the authors develop the concept of the ‘equilibrium wage', which corresponds to the level of wages when the returns on capital in different regions and sectors are equalised. A wage competitiveness indicator is thus calculated as the ratio of actual to equilibrium wages.



The book presents empirical evidence of equilibrium and actual wage developments for country aggregates and for economic sectors. Within the euro area, five countries are above equilibrium levels, three (including Germany) are close to equilibrium, and eleven member states (mainly in central and eastern Europe) have massively undervalued wages. The data for sectoral competitiveness seem to reflect in part sectoral specialisation, but the picture varies between sectors, countries and time periods."
"This book develops a new approach for estimating the way in which labour costs reflect cost competitiveness. Conventionally, unit labour costs (a standard measure of cost competitiveness) are calculated as indices, without regard to the relative levels of wage costs. To remedy this, the authors develop the concept of the ‘equilibrium wage', which corresponds to the level of wages when the returns on capital in different regions and sectors are ...

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Luxembourg

"The review highlights continuing economic growth in the EU together with a steady decrease in unemployment. In the third quarter of 2016, employment exceeded its pre-crisis peak by 0.9%, or 940 thousand more people in employment than in spring 2008. In December 2016, there were 1.8 million less unemployed people than the year before; including 1.3 million people less in the Euro Area."

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WSI Mitteilungen - vol. 70 n° 1 -

"n dem Aufsatz wird theoretisch analysiert, wie sich die Verbreitung von Leiharbeit und befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen mit Nicht-Lohnkosten von Betrieben und Such- und Mobilitätskosten von Arbeitnehmern erklären lässt. Betriebe setzen zum einen atypische Beschäftigungsverhältnisse ein, um erst am Arbeitsplatz die Eignung von Arbeitnehmern zu überprüfen und auf dieses Weise hohe Auswahlkosten bzw. hohe Kosten durch die Nichteignung von Mitarbeitern zu vermeiden. Zum anderen schaffen sich Betriebe durch die Beschäftigung von Leiharbeitern und durch befristete Verträge einen „Flexibilitätspuffer“, um so bei starken Nachfrageschwankungen oder bei dauerhaftem Nachfragerückgang ihre Belegschaft verkleinern zu können, ohne dass ihnen Kündigungskosten entstehen. Dagegen streben Arbeitnehmer keine atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse an, die für sie eine höhere Beschäftigungsunsicherheit bedeuten. Sie sind allerdings umso eher zur Annahme solcher Stellen bereit, je höhere Suchkosten in Form von entgangenem Einkommen und dem Verlust von Humankapital ihnen andernfalls entstehen würden."
"n dem Aufsatz wird theoretisch analysiert, wie sich die Verbreitung von Leiharbeit und befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen mit Nicht-Lohnkosten von Betrieben und Such- und Mobilitätskosten von Arbeitnehmern erklären lässt. Betriebe setzen zum einen atypische Beschäftigungsverhältnisse ein, um erst am Arbeitsplatz die Eignung von Arbeitnehmern zu überprüfen und auf dieses Weise hohe Auswahlkosten bzw. hohe Kosten durch die Nichteignung von ...

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Bonn

"This paper is one of the first to estimate how the region in which an establishment is located affects its productivity, wage cost and cost competitiveness (i.e. its productivity-wage gap). To do so, we use detailed linked employer-employee panel data for Belgium and rely on methodological approaches from both Hellerstein and Neumark (1995) and Bartolucci (2014) to estimate dynamic panel data models at the establishment level. Our findings show that interregional differences in productivity and wages are significant but vanish almost totally, both in industry and services, when controlling for a wide range of covariates, establishment fixed effects and endogeneity. Thus, our results suggest that wage cost and productivity differentials are ceteris paribus relatively well aligned across regions."
"This paper is one of the first to estimate how the region in which an establishment is located affects its productivity, wage cost and cost competitiveness (i.e. its productivity-wage gap). To do so, we use detailed linked employer-employee panel data for Belgium and rely on methodological approaches from both Hellerstein and Neumark (1995) and Bartolucci (2014) to estimate dynamic panel data models at the establishment level. Our findings show ...

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Brussels

"Adjustment to an external imbalance is more difficult within a monetary union if wages are sticky. Periods of high unemployment are usually necessary to achieve the required real depreciation (internal devaluation). Gradual adjustment is usually recommended to distribute the output and employment cost over time. This paper takes into account that gradual adjustment also has a cost in terms of higher current account deficits and thus a higher debt, and ultimately higher debt-service costs. We calculate the optimal path/speed of price and wage adjustment in terms of deeper parameters like the slope of the Phillips curve, the degree of openness, etc. Gradual adjustment is not always optimal."
"Adjustment to an external imbalance is more difficult within a monetary union if wages are sticky. Periods of high unemployment are usually necessary to achieve the required real depreciation (internal devaluation). Gradual adjustment is usually recommended to distribute the output and employment cost over time. This paper takes into account that gradual adjustment also has a cost in terms of higher current account deficits and thus a higher ...

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Economic and Social Review - vol. 46 n° 3 -

"At the beginning of the crisis in 2008 it was a widely reported view that Ireland had become uncompetitive, leading to calls for wage cuts. Since then wage rates in the private sector have been largely stable. However, Ireland has shown a strong improvement in exports despite a difficult international trading situation. This presents a puzzle. If wages in Ireland were uncompetitive, how could Ireland improve its export position so rapidly, without a general fall in wages? Ireland can best be described as having moved from a position of “super-competitiveness” to “competitiveness”. During the construction boom, exports remained an important driver of growth. Since 2008, the fall in nominal unit labour costs is entirely due to a move away from the labour intensive construction sector. However, while labour costs have been stagnant in Ireland, they have increased amongst our trading partners."
"At the beginning of the crisis in 2008 it was a widely reported view that Ireland had become uncompetitive, leading to calls for wage cuts. Since then wage rates in the private sector have been largely stable. However, Ireland has shown a strong improvement in exports despite a difficult international trading situation. This presents a puzzle. If wages in Ireland were uncompetitive, how could Ireland improve its export position so rapidly, ...

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13.01.1-65887

Brussels

"This working paper discusses the use of unit labour costs (ULC) by the European Commission as a measure of competitiveness of exports, especially in central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It shows the flawed nature of the European Commission's argument that increasing wages ahead of measured productivity would necessarily represent a threat to export competitiveness. In fact, past history has shown rising unit labour costs and rising relative wages have frequently accompanied increasing exports. It demonstrates that the recorded measure of productivity appears to be low in countries with lower wage levels precisely because wages are low, even when the work performed is often very similar, or identical, to much better-paid work in higher income countries. The conclusion is that there is scope for significant wage increases without harming export competitiveness. "
"This working paper discusses the use of unit labour costs (ULC) by the European Commission as a measure of competitiveness of exports, especially in central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It shows the flawed nature of the European Commission's argument that increasing wages ahead of measured productivity would necessarily represent a threat to export competitiveness. In fact, past history has shown rising unit labour costs and rising relative wages ...

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Düsseldorf

"Das IMK analysiert regelmäßig mittels Daten von Eurostat die Entwicklung der Arbeits- und der Lohnstückkosten in Europa. Dabei wird die Entwicklung der Arbeitskosten in der Privatwirtschaft, im privaten und im öffentlichen Dienstleistungssektor und im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe in wichtigen europäischen Ländern sowie dem Euroraum und der Europäischen Union als Ganzes dargestellt. In dieser aktuellen Auswertung wird auch der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit die Einführung des allgemeinen gesetzlichen Mindestlohns im Jahr 2015 in Höhe von 8,50 € pro Stunde in Deutschland Einfluss auf den Anstieg der Arbeitskosten insgesamt hatte. Im Anschluss daran wird die Entwicklung der Lohnstückkosten untersucht und den Auswirkungen auf die preisliche Wettbewerbsfähigkeit nachgegangen.Im Jahr 2015 kostete in Deutschland eine Arbeitsstunde in der Privatwirtschaft 32,7 Euro. Wie im Vorjahr belegt Deutschland damit im europäischen Länderranking den achten Platz. Mit einer Veränderungsrate von 2,7 % stiegen die Arbeitskosten in Deutschland im Jahr 2017 stärker als im europäischen Durchschnitt. In den meisten Krisenländern stagnierten oder sanken die Arbeitskosten erneut. In Deutschland sind im Jahr 2015 die Arbeitskosten im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe mit 2,7 % genauso stark gestiegen wie im Privaten Dienstleistungssektor. Damit hat sich der prozentuale Abstand zwischen beiden Wirtschaftsbereichen zwar nicht erhöht, beträgt aber immer noch wie im letzten Jahr über 21%. Das ist der größte Abstand zwischen den Sektoren von allen EU Mitgliedsländern.Die Anpassungsprozesse der Krisenländer haben sich auch im Jahr 2015 fortgesetzt, so dass die durchschnittliche Lohnstückkostenentwicklung des Euroraums mit 1% deutlich unter der Zielinflationsrate der EZB von knapp 2 % lag. Damit entwickelt sich der Euroraum als Ganzes nicht stabilitätskonform. In Deutschland stiegen die Lohnstückkosten um 2 %. Da die deutschen Lohnstückkosten aber seit Beginn der Währungsunion deutlich schwächer gestiegen sind, als mit dem Inflationsziel der EZB vereinbar, sollten die Löhne in Deutschland über mehrere Jahre hinweg deutlich überdurchschnittlich steigen, um den Anpassungsprozess der Krisenländer zu unterstützen."
"Das IMK analysiert regelmäßig mittels Daten von Eurostat die Entwicklung der Arbeits- und der Lohnstückkosten in Europa. Dabei wird die Entwicklung der Arbeitskosten in der Privatwirtschaft, im privaten und im öffentlichen Dienstleistungssektor und im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe in wichtigen europäischen Ländern sowie dem Euroraum und der Europäischen Union als Ganzes dargestellt. In dieser aktuellen Auswertung wird auch der Frage nachgegangen, ...

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