Documents cardiovascular diseases 65 results

"Objective
This paper presents an overview of 50 years of research on psychosocial working conditions and health with regards to conceptualization, interventions and policy. We reflect on the promise of past and current research on psychosocial working conditions and, in addition, discuss current progress in translating this research into workplace practice and improvements in people's working lives.
Methods
We conducted a narrative review of meta-reviews and key publications on psychosocial working conditions and health. The review covers a historical overview of theories of the past 50 years, measurement of psychosocial working conditions, health effects, intervention research, and policy development on psychosocial working conditions.
Results
Psychosocial working conditions are conceptualized in different ways, with increasing complexity in the understanding developing over time. Exposures related to psychosocial working conditions are associated with a wide range of health outcomes, in particular cardiovascular disease and mental health conditions. In response to growing evidence on associations between psychosocial working conditions and health outcomes, intervention research has expanded rapidly, but for various reasons the evidence base is stronger and more extensive for individual- than organizational-level interventions. This individual/organizational imbalance is reflected in practice, and may partly explain why policy interventions have yet to show reductions in exposures to psychosocial work factors and associated adverse outcomes.
Conclusions
Pressing needs for advancing the field include improvements in capturing exposure dynamics, developing objective measures of exposure, methodologic advancements to optimize causal inference in etiologic studies, and alternatives to randomized controlled trials for intervention evaluation."

"Objectives The objective of this study was to estimate the mortality from cancer, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases attributable to occupational exposure in Sweden.Methods Estimates were calculated for men and women separately, and we considered only deaths between 25–74 years of age. We considered cancer exposures/sites classified as I or 2a according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Acute myocardial infarction was the only included cardiovascular disease. Respiratory diseases comprised chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) asthma, pneumoconiosis and alveolitis. All deaths of pneumoconiosis and alveolitis were considered work-related. Estimates were based on the Swedish mortality in 2007. Results In total, we estimate that there are about 800 work-related deaths per year in the studied causes. The majority are due to acute myocardial infarction, with 126 deaths among women and 337 deaths among men attributable to job strain, shift work, exhaust gases, combustion products, or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). There are 99 respiratory disease-related deaths, the vast majority from COPD (N=92). In total, 270 cancer deaths are estimated to be work-related. For men, half of the cases are attributed to asbestos exposure. Conclusions Our results indicate that preventive measures to decrease occupational mortality should consider factors associated with myocardial infarction such as job strain, shift work and exhaust gases from vehicles and combustion products. Exposures to factors associated with COPD, such as dust, also seem important to prevent."

"Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of women who had and had not worked at night in terms of their risk factors for common disease, indicators of general health, social activities, employment, and sleep behavior.Methods The Million Women Study is a large prospective cohort study of women's health in the United Kingdom with 1.3 million women recruited during 1996–2001 (aged 50–64 years) through 66 National Health Service breast screening centers. We analyzed the data from a random sample of 41 652 participants who, in 2009–2010, reported their history of night work. ResultsOf the participants, 1 in 8 women (13%) reported that they had ever worked at night and 1 in 50 (2%) reported working at night for ?20 years. For 33 sociodemographic, behavioral, reproductive, and hormonal factors examined, 20 showed highly significant differences between “ever” and “never” night workers (P<0.0001); 12 showed significant trends by duration of night work (P<0.01). In particular, compared to women who had never worked at night, women who had worked at night were more likely to (i) be of lower socioeconomic status [the odds ratio (OR) for ever versus never night workers of being in the lowest third of socioeconomic status was 1.15, 99% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.06–1.25]; (ii) have ever used hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for the menopause (OR 1.43, 99% CI 1.33–1.55); (iii) be current smokers (OR 1.37, 99% CI 1.19–1.58); and (iv) be obese (OR 1.26, 99% CI 1.15–1.37). Compared to women who had never worked at night, women who had worked at night for ?20 years were more likely to be (i) of lower socioeconomic status (OR 1.28, 99% CI 1.04–1.57); (ii) nulliparous (OR 1.47, 99% CI 1.12–1.91); (iii) current smokers (OR 1.63, 99% CI 1.18–2.25); and (iv) obese (OR 1.55, 99% CI 1.25–1.93). Former night workers were more likely than never night workers to report a range of sleep disturbances, including poor quality of sleep (OR 1.15, 99% CI 1.01–1.31) and having to take medication to sleep (OR 1.35, 99% CI 1.15–1.60). Conclusions Women who reported having worked at night were substantially different from those who reporting never having worked at night and many of the differences would put “ever night workers” at increased risks of cancer, vascular disease, and many other common conditions."

"Objective Increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality from high physical work demands has been observed among men with low physical fitness and leisure time physical activity. We tested whether hypertensive men are at a particularly high risk of IHD mortality when exposed to high physical work demands. Method We carried out a 30-year follow-up of the Copenhagen Male Study of 5249 gainfully employed men aged 40–59 years. Of these, 274 men with a history of myocardial infarction or prevalent symptoms of angina pectoris or intermittent claudication were excluded from the follow-up. Men were classified as having hypertension when any of the following factors was present: (i) treatment for hypertension, (ii) a systolic blood pressure of >160 mm Hg, or (iii) a diastolic blood pressure of >90 mm Hg. Physical work demands were determined by two self-reported questions. Results Of the eligible study population, 587 men (11.9%) died due to IHD. Hypertensive men had more than a doubled risk of IHD mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 2.16, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.80–2.59]. Cox analyses – adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, diabetes, physical fitness, leisure time physical activity, and social class – showed that high physical work demands were associated with an increased risk of IHD and all-cause mortality among normotensive men (N=4127, HR 1.36, 95% CI 0.96–1.92 and HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.44, respectively), but not among the hypertensive men (N=808, HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.63–1.81 and HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.80–1.42, respectively) using men with low physical work demands as the reference. Conclusion Compared to normotensive men, hypertensive men did not have a higher risk of IHD or all-cause mortality from high physical work demands."

"A practical and thorough guide to the early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of occupational diseases. Since many of these diseases are reversible when treated promptly, the book concentrates on information that can help physicians recognize the specific biochemical, morphological, and functional changes that precede the appearance of manifest signs and symptoms. Preventive measures that can be applied to the work environment are also considered. The most extensive part of the book sets forth practical guidelines for the early detection and control of 28 occupational diseases classified according to the hazardous substances or conditions that cause them. Clinical information includes details on the best methods for assessing exposure, signs and symptoms associated with various stages of impairment or disease, relationships between exposure levels and clinical effects, prognosis, differential diagnosis, and individual differences in susceptibility. The book also features seven chapters organized according to the main organs and systems affected by occupational diseases. Each chapter presents information on the most common occupational disorders affecting the organ or system, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, and the most appropriate clinical examinations and tests for early detection of impairment"

"Objectives
The study aims to explore the prospective associations of the psychosocial work exposures of the job strain model with cardiovascular mortality, including mortality for ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and stroke, using various time-varying exposure measures in the French working population of employees.
Methods
The study was based on a cohort of 798 547 men and 697 785 women for which job history data from 1976 to 2002 were linked to mortality data and causes of death from the national death registry. Psychosocial work exposures from the validated job strain model questionnaire were assessed using a job-exposure matrix (JEM). Three time-varying measures of exposure were studied: current, cumulative, and recency-weighted cumulative exposure. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations between psychosocial work exposures and cardiovascular mortality.
Results
Within the 1976–2002 period, there were 19 264 cardiovascular deaths among men and 6181 among women. Low decision latitude, low social support, job strain, iso-strain, passive job, and high strain were associated with cardiovascular mortality. Most of these associations were also observed for IHD and stroke mortality. The comparison between the different exposure measures suggested that current exposure may be more important than cumulative (or past) exposure. The population fractions of cardiovascular mortality attributable to job strain were 5.64% for men and 6.44% for women.
Conclusions
Psychosocial work exposures of the job strain model may play a role in cardiovascular mortality. The estimated burden of cardiovascular mortality associated with these exposures underlines the need for preventive policies oriented toward the psychosocial work environment."

"While access to electricity affects health positively, combustion of coal in power plants causes well-documented adverse health effects. We review respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive, and neurologic health outcomes associated with exposure to coal-fired power plant emissions. We also discuss population-level health effects of coal combustion and its role in climate change. Our review of scientific studies suggests that those we present here can be used to inform energy policy."

"Une revue critique de la littérature a été menée sur le lien entre travail posté (TP) et survenue de maladies cérébro- et cardiovasculaires (MCCV). Dans plusieurs études de bonne qualité, le TP est associé à une augmentation modeste mais significative du risque de maladies cardiaques ischémiques fatales et non fatales. Les conclusions sont moins claires pour le lien avec la mortalité cardiovasculaire ischémique et les pathologies cérébrovasculaires. Sur le plan de la causalité, des biais de sélection difficiles à prendre en compte sur le plan méthodologique ne peuvent être écartés pour expliquer ces associations observées. Lien causal ou marqueur socio-économique ? Cette interrogation non résolue demande de poursuivre les recherches pour démontrer que le TP, ou certaines de ses composantes, se présentent comme un facteur propre de survenue de MCCV."