Documents immigration 454 results

"Le système danois de protection sociale (welfærdsystem) a une longue histoire et a la réputation d'être l'un des plus généreux du monde. Cependant, on entend souvent dire que le système universel danois pourrait être remis en cause par les pressions que le droit de l'Union européenne (UE) et l'immigration exercent sur les caractéristiques nationales de ce système. Comment ce système a-t-il répondu aux contraintes du droit dérivé de l'UE dans le domaine de la protection sociale et comment a-t-il réagi dans les périodes de crise ? Le système danois repose, entre autres, sur un principe de solidarité qu'il est difficile d'étendre aux immigrants, bien que le droit de l'UE puisse exiger dans de nombreux cas que ces derniers reçoivent une protection sociale dès le premier jour. Cet article présente les principes et les tendances les plus marquantes de la politique récente au Danemark, en mettant l'accent sur le « tournant libéral » qui a caractérisé ces politiques au cours de la dernière décennie. Il passe en revue certaines des réformes dans le domaine de la protection sociale qui concernent les ressortissants de pays tiers, mais aussi les citoyens de l'Union et visent à limiter l'accès des immigrants aux prestations danoises. À travers l'analyse juridique et politique, l'étude du cas danois permettra d'illustrer un débat plus large sur les relations tendues entre le droit de l'UE et le droit national dans le cadre de la construction de l'Europe sociale ainsi que sur l'impact des attitudes générales à l'égard de l'immigration sur les problèmes de solidarité et de cohésion sociale, particulièrement en temps de crise."

"Numerous studies suggest that illegal immigration in the form of bonded labor is becoming an increasingly important phenomenon. This paper develops a model of optimizing behavior of undocumented immigrants who are employed in the host country as bonded laborers while repaying their debts to human smugglers. The analysis relates the optimal duration of the repayment period and the migrant's consumption path to the stock of debt, the rate of interest charged by the smuggler and the levels of the bonded and free-market wages in the destination country. This provides a framework for examining the effectiveness of immigration controls, internal enforcement measures and deportation policies of the host country in deterring debt-bonded migration."

"Learning about the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives is a topic of major concern for immigrant-receiving countries. Using data from Spain, where the immigrant population has risen from 4% to 13% within a decade, we find that immigration appears to have affected the task specialization of natives without affecting their employment levels. However, the impact of immigration on the relative task supply of natives is twice as great in Spain as in the United States. The magnitude of the immigration impact in a country with a large share of immigrants originating from Spanish-speaking countries suggests that host country language proficiency is not the sole factor driving the observed impact. Additionally, the analysis reveals significant gender differences in the impact of immigration on the relative task supply of natives, possibly resting on the occupational concentration of immigrants and native occupational segregation patterns by gender, among other factors."

"The question we investigate empirically in this article is whether immigration makes the labour supply in the receiving country more responsive to regional differences in economic opportunities. The main merit of the paper is that we examine three stages in the regional mobility of refugees and labour immigrants: First, the settlement pattern of newly arrived immigrants, second, their subsequent mobility between regions and, third, their eventual exit from the regional labour market to abroad. The analyses apply to immigrants who arrived in Norway from 1995 to 2004. In all three stages, mobility is investigated with regard to its responsiveness to regional differences in wages and unemployment. The main finding is that, in all three stages, the geographical mobility of immigrants is sensitive to regional economic opportunities. In that sense, immigrants do “grease the wheels” of the labour markets, through all the three stages of mobility. The most robust results are found for regional unemployment differences. With regard to natives, we generally do not find any strong evidence for “greasing the wheels” effects."

"The generous Danish welfare state relies on a high degree of labour force participation both for financing and in order to ensure social cohesion. This underlines the need for getting work incentives right and improve the employability of vulnerable groups of workers, in particular migrants. Many benefit recipients also face high marginal tax rates for returning to work, creating a barrier for inclusion. Likewise, as the population ages, the need for longer working lives becomes a central aim. In Denmark, much has been done to keep older workers in the labour market, but there is further scope for reducing barriers to work for this group, including through the design of the pension system. Cost pressures at social institutions could be addressed by better reaping the effects on municipal reform, more coordination between different service providers, and open the market for social services, for instance old age care, for private suppliers under a strict quality monitoring framework."