Documents toxicology 183 results

Tributyltin (TBT) compounds are organic derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are characterized by the presence of covalent bonds between carbon atoms and a tin atom and have the general formula (n-C4H9)3Sn-X (where X isan anion). The purity of commercial tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is generally above 96%; the principal impurities are dibutyltin derivatives and, to a lesser extent, tetrabutyltin and other trialkyltin compounds. TBTO is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour and a relative density of 1.17 to 1.18.

Beryllium is a steel-grey, brittle metal, existing naturally only as the 9Be isotope. Its compounds are divalent. Beryllium has several unique properties. It is the lightest of all solid and chemically-stable substances, with an unusually high melting point, specific heat, heat of fusion, and strength-to-weight ratio. It has excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. Because of its low atomic number, beryllium is very permeable to X-rays. Its nuclear properties include the breaking, scattering, and reflecting of neutrons, as well as the emission of neutrons on alpha-bombardment.

"Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by 1,3-dichloropropene, 1,2-dichloropropane and mixtures of these chemicals. Since the two compounds and mixtures have been widely used in agriculture as pre-plant fumigants applied by soil injection, the report gives particular attention to studies investigating behaviour in soil, risks of leaching and groundwater contamination, uptake by food crops, residues detected in drinking-water and food, and risks to agricultural workers and the general population. Over 300 studies, including proprietary toxicological data from the manufacturers, were critically assessed.
The report concludes that, when used at the recommended rate, 1,3-dichloropropene is unlikely to attain levels of environmental significance. Risks to the general population were judged negligible. Concerning occupational hazards, the report cites evidence, largely from case reports of poisoning, underscoring the need to follow appropriate safety precautions.
The report concludes that 1,2-dichloropropane poses a negligible risk to the general population. When used at the recommended rate, the compound is unlikely to attain levels of environmental significance. For workers, the compound is judged unlikely to pose a hazard, provided good work practices, hygienic measures, and safety precautions are followed.
Data on mixtures of dichloropropenes and dichloropropane are evaluated in the final monograph. This technical mixture previously enjoyed wide use as a soil nematocide before planting. Citing evidence of a significant potential for 1,2-dichloropropane derived from this mixture to leach from soil and contaminate well water and groundwater, the report recommends that mixtures of dichloropropenes and dichloropropane should not be used as a soil fumigant. "

"Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by benomyl, a fungicide registered for use in 50 countries on over 70 crops, including cereals, cotton, soybeans, tobacco, mushrooms, grapes, bananas and other fruits. One of the most widely used members of the benzimidazole family of fungicides, benomyl is effective, at low usage rates, against more than 190 different fungal diseases. Because benomyl is rapidly converted to carbendazim in the environment and is extensively metabolized to carbendazim by experimental animals, data from studies of carbendazim, which is a fungicide in its own right, are also considered when evaluating the hazards of benomyl.
Concerning hazards to environmental organisms, the report cites data from laboratory and field studies indicating that benomyl, applied at recommended rates, has little effect on soil microbial activity, but some adverse effects on groups of fungi. Benomyl is toxic to earthworms in laboratory experiments at realistic exposure concentrations and as a result of recommended usage in the field; earthworm populations may take more than two years to recover. Although high toxicity to aquatic organisms has been demonstrated in laboratory tests, the report concludes that this effect is unlikely to be seen in the field, due to the low bioavailability of sediment-bound residues.
For the general population, the main source of potential exposure is noted to be through the ingestion of food crops containing residues of benomyl and carbendazim. Though benomyl has been shown to cause contact dermatitis and dermal sensitization in some farm workers, the report found no evidence that either of these compounds can cause systemic toxic effects in occupationally exposed subjects or the general population. The report cites findings from animal studies suggesting that both compounds pose a very low risk for acute poisoning in humans."

"La salud laboral, campo que engloba no sólo la prevención de los riesgos laborales sino también la promoción de la salud a través del lugar de trabajo, está sujeta a fuerzas que van más allá de la relación inmediata entre un factor de riesgo en el ambiente de trabajo y una respuesta biológica, e incluye determinantes "macro" como son los cambios económicos globales, los altibajos del mercado laboral o las reformas legislativas que afectan a la red de protecciones sociales. Estos factores distales y proximales interactúan con las respuestas que la sociedad ha generado frente a ellos, impactando en la salud colectiva e individual de los trabajadores. Dependiendo de hacia dónde se decante la balanza, ese impacto puede afectar adversamente a la salud o promocionarla. Es en este marco conceptual donde presentamos esta cuarta edición de Salud laboral. Conceptos y técnicas para la prevención de riesgos laborales.

Con el objetivo aparentemente simplista de lograr que todo trabajador regrese a su hogar tanto o más sano de lo que salió de casa el mismo día, y procurando ir más allá del mero cumplimiento de normativas, se presentan técnicas, estrategias y acciones encaminadas a anticipar y mitigar los riesgos para la salud de los trabajadores. Todo ello desde una perspectiva global, multidisciplinar y preventiva, enfocada más a la salud colectiva que a los aspectos clínicos individuales y dirigido a todas las personas cuya vida profesional se cruza con la salud laboral, ya sea desde el ámbito académico o del ejercicio profesional. En este sentido, pensamos que el libro tiene utilidad como texto básico en la formación de futuros profesionales de la salud laboral y como fuente de consulta y reflexión para expertos en la materia, incluyendo médicos y enfermeros del trabajo, higienistas y técnicos en prevención, entre otros.

En esta cuarta edición incorporamos a una nueva editora y once nuevos autores. La estructura del texto sigue la de la edición anterior pero condensando los capítulos dedicados a explicar los fundamentos y el marco jurídico y ampliando los temas de evaluación de riesgos y la problemática de grupos específicos de trabajadores. Asimismo, continuamos la proyección hacia todos los países hispanohablantes ya iniciada en la tercera edición y que queda reflejada en la inclusión de capítulos más relevantes tanto para América Latina como para España, así como en el perfil de los autores."