Documents economic aid 22 results

"A sectoral approach to GHG emissions reductions in developing countries is proposed as a key component of the post-2012 climate change mitigation framework. In this approach, the ten highest-emitting developing countries in the electricity and other major industrial sectors pledge to meet voluntary, ‘no-lose' GHG emissions targets in these sectors. No penalties are incurred for failing to meet a target, but emissions reductions achieved beyond the target level earn emissions reduction credits (ERCs) that can be sold to industrialized nations. Participating developing countries establish initial ‘no-lose' emissions targets, based upon their national circumstances, from sector-specific energyintensity benchmarks that have been developed by independent experts. Industrialized nations then offer incentives for the developing countries to adopt more stringent emissions targets through a ‘Technology Finance and Assistance Package', which helps to overcome financial and other barriers to technology transfer and deployment. These sectorspecific energy-intensity benchmarks could also serve as a means for establishing national economy-wide targets in developed countries in the post-2012 regime. Preliminary modelling of a hybrid scenario, in which Annex I countries adopt economy-wide absolute GHG emissions targets and high-emitting developing countries adopt ‘no-lose' sectoral targets, indicates that such an approach significantly improves the likelihood that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 can be stabilized at 450 ppmv by the end of the century. "

"L'État-providence a procuré des avantages substantiels aux femmes : leur dépendance économique à l'égard des hommes a diminué, grâce à l'augmentation conjointe de leurs salaires et des prestations liées au travail. Elles ont aujourd'hui davantage les moyens de subvenir à leurs propres besoins et, le cas échéant, à ceux de leurs enfants -notamment en cas de séparation ou de divorce. Toutefois, la division sexuelle du travail n'a pas diminué pour autant, comme l'attestent les différences maintenues entre les hommes et les femmes en matière de rémunérations et de transferts monétaires de l'État. Cet article met en évidence les changements qui se sont opérés quant à la dépendance respective des hommes et des femmes vis-à-vis du marché et de l'État depuis les années soixante-dix."

"Past studies have not been supportive of the ability for foreign aid to create increased development and market liberalization. Less attention has been devoted to investigating the role aid has played in fostering democratic institutions. For a sample of 26 nations in Eastern Europe and former Soviet republics, I find more aid per capita is strongly associated with democratic reforms, but less robust is the relationship for aid as a percentage of gross national income. When analyzing various types of democratic freedoms, it appears both measures of aid improve the categories of judicial framework and governance, and aid per capita is also positively correlated with improvements in civil society and electoral process, but aid does not lead to more media independence."