Documents segregation 23 results

"This article contributes to the literature on gender role attitudes and the reproduction of occupational sex segregation by investigating how attitudes towards women's voluntary childlessness relate to the embeddedness of individuals in sex-typed occupations. While previous studies have found that more favourable attitudes are more common among women than men, they have not established why this is so. We argue that the differing allocation of men and women to sex-typed occupations carries gender-specific pressures towards gender-role congruence, which are likely to shape the perceived costs of motherhood and, hence, attitudes towards female childlessness differently. We test this argument by drawing on European Social Survey data. Findings show that women with more favourable attitudes are most likely to work in male-dominated occupations and hold high-status positions, highlighting the enduring force and differentiated saliency of gender beliefs across sex-segregated occupations. We discuss the implications for the reproduction of occupational sex segregation."

This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

"Gender-based job segregation in companies is the main cause of the gender gap in pay and careers. This paper sets out to examine the processes of formation and transformation of gender-based job segregation between the 1960s and present. The focus is on bank clerical staff, a field of employment with a large gender career gap in a representative industry that embodies Japanese-style business management. The examination by this paper clarifies the following facts. Male university graduates are assigned with priority to “lending” and “corporate and individual financing,” roles in which they build capacity and form careers through regular internal transfers. But this depends on the presence of male high school graduates who accept internal work and tend to have limited scope for promotions and elevation, and females who take care of clerical work. The aspect of females gradually raising the ceilings on their careers is important, based on measures for “utilizing women” in the workforce. However, this “utilization of women” by banks is no more than a measure designed to overcome occasional management problems, and has merely created new “women's jobs.” Meritocratic management and the “utilization of women” have transformed gender-based job segregation into a gender gap in promotions. "

"There is a general consensus that welfare states influence urban inequality patterns in cities experiencing increases in immigration. Whereas much of the existing research focused on the extent to which welfare states affect the well-being of immigrants after their admission, this study focuses on how immigration policy regimes affect the extent to which immigrant flows, and subsequent labour supply, match variations and fluctuations in the composition of demand in urban labour markets. In particular, the article develops a comparison between Malmö and Genoa, an Italian and a Swedish city with similar urban histories that display considerably different patterns of urban inequality. Immigration to Malmö was fuelled largely by humanitarian emergencies in the countries of origin and occurred in a period of economic decline for the city. The growth of the immigrant population was associated with a worsening of the labour market situation for immigrants and an increase in ethnic residential segregation. Immigration to Genoa was mainly driven by demand for cheap labour, particularly in the private-care sector. Therefore, the growth of the immigrant population was associated with an ethnic segmentation of the labour market, but it also resulted in a more dispersed distribution of immigrants than in Malmö. The differences in the urban inequality patterns in Malmö and Genoa can be only partly explained by policies affecting the living conditions of admitted immigrants. An important role has also been played by the immigration policy regimes of the two countries, which prescribed the integration potential of immigrant flows."

"¿Qué educación queremos? Aunque tal vez sea mejor preguntar: ¿qué sociedad queremos? En tiempo de recortes y contrarreforma, ¿qué futuro nos depara el mayor ataque a la educación en democracia? ¿Qué sociedad quieren construir quienes apuestan por la privatización, la segregación y el desmatelamiento de la pública? Frente a una escuela basada en la exclusión, la desigualdad, el elitismo disfrazado de excelencia y el sometimiento al mercado, ni nos resignamos ni nos conformamos con salvar los muebles: apostamos por que educar sea mucho más que estudiar para superar exámenes: educar para saber, para pensar, para ser libres; educar para la convivencia y para construir una democracia mejor. ¿Qué educación queremos? ¿Qué sociedad queremos construir? ¿Qué hacemos?"

"Alors que le « rêve américain » n'a rien perdu de son attraction, Nicolas Duvoux a entrepris une enquête ethnographique auprès de fondations philanthropiques et du tissu associatif qui tentent de pallier la déliquescence des quartiers pauvres et minoritaires d'une grande métropole du nord-est des États-Unis : Boston. Véritable laboratoire des sciences sociales du XXIe siècle, Boston, mieux qu'aucune autre, fait ressortir le spectacle de la coexistence de la richesse et de l'ouverture d'esprit avec la pauvreté et la ségrégation raciale. L'enquête s'est déroulée auprès de ceux qui vivent dans l'envers du mythe étasunien, fait de pauvreté, de marginalité sociopolitique et de violence, comme auprès de ceux qui leur viennent en aide. Elle permet de cerner la forme et les limites de l'organisation communautaire qui cherche à se recréer autour du don philanthropique. Elle montre comment, sur les débris du ghetto, des philanthropes cherchent à régénérer la communauté indispensable pour faire vivre le rêve américain et justifier leur propre réussite."

"Women constitute a clear minority in the field of information and communications technology (ICT) in higher education as well as in the job market. At the same time, this field is expected to have a shortage of qualified people in the future. Do women and men engineering graduates have the same career opportunities? This article problematizes the relationship between higher education in engineering and opportunities on the job market. The results show that men reach higher positions to a greater extent than women, and that women remain in low-qualification jobs to a greater extent than men. "

"High levels of gender segregation in Scandinavian labour markets have been referred to as a paradox in view of these countries' commitment to gender equality and advancements in other areas. The status of gender segregation in these welfare states is addressed here: Are they (still) the most gender segregated? What processes drive (de)segregation? Relatively fast occupational desegregation in recent years has moved Denmark, Norway and Sweden from the group of highly to moderately gender segregated labour markets, and women's share of management positions is rising. Empirical case studies selected to shed light on (de)segregation processes are discussed in relation to two presently influential theoretical theses – ‘gender essentialism' and the ‘welfare state paradox'. Findings suggest the existence of gender essentialist ideas, but the weakening of such ideas is likely to be a main driver of desegregation. Findings on the role of the public sector and work–family policy in segregation processes are somewhat conflicting. "

"This study focuses on the issue of substitution or segregation in the demand for female labour. Based on an extensive overview of detailed studies, the authors examine fluctuations in the gender composition of the workforce in four major sectors of Dutch manufacturing industry over the past century. Women's share in employment has been stable in the clothing industry, fluctuated in textiles, increased in food production and decreased in Philips Electronics. Changes in the proportion of women in these industries are primarily explained by segregation, that is by fluctuations in employment in the male and female domains. Only a few examples of substitution can be traced. These are primarily driven by labour shortages, and the numbers of workers involved are small. Overwhelmingly, employers prefer to act within gender boundaries."