Documents energy source 131 results

"In line with the ECB's comprehensive action plan to incorporate climate change considerations into its policy framework, technical assumptions on carbon pricing have been introduced in the Eurosystem/ECB staff macroeconomic projections, along with a regular evaluation of the impact of climate-related fiscal policies on the projections baseline. This box evaluates the impact of green fiscal measures on GDP growth and inflation and discusses potential effects and risks to the outlook posed by the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and non-fiscal climate-related measures. The overall impact of green measures on euro area real GDP growth is expected to be very small until 2025, and their impact on inflation is limited but increases slightly over time. Over the period 2022-25, fiscal measures that are detrimental to the green transition outweigh green measures. Changes to the EU ETS under the “Fit for 55” package, and the sustained shift towards renewable energy sources implied by regulation, could pose both upside and downside risks to the inflation outlook, especially from 2025 onwards."

"The requirement to reduce emissions to avoid potentially dangerous climate change implies a dilemma for societies heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Reducing emissions will necessitate the transition from relatively high EROI dispatchable fossil fuels to a combination of relatively low EROI intermittent renewables and geographically limited non-intermittent renewables. As renewable capacity requires energy to construct there is an initial fossil fuel cost to creating new renewable capacity. An insufficiently rapid transition to renewables will imply a scenario in which it is impossible to avoid either transgressing emissions ceilings or facing energy shortages; we term this the energy-emissions trap. In this paper, we construct a mathematical model, termed EETRAP, that builds the EROI metric and the energy characteristics of renewable generation into a macroeconomic framework. EETRAP is used for simulation analysis to test how differing assumptions about the EROI of intermittent renewables will affect the time-path of renewable investment necessary to escape the energy-emissions trap. For all runs of the model, the renewable investment rate by 2050 is significantly larger than the current energy investment rate. For declining intermittent renewable EROI, the renewable investment rate crowds out other forms of investment leading to a declining economic growth rate."

"In this study, we examine whether Willingness To Pay (WTP) for green energy is related to hope and several attitudes towards climate change, namely, denial, worry and level of understanding. Using cross-sectional data comprising answers from 905 respondents from the Netherlands, we find that people who are more generally hopeful are willing to pay more for green energy, but only if this hope is not based on denial of the severity of the issue. In addition, we find that WTP is associated with understanding and worry, and that these attitudes are even more closely related to WTP if they are accompanied by hope. Hope based on denial however strengthens the negative relation of a lack of worry and understanding with WTP. These findings highlight the importance of fostering realistic hopes regarding climate change to encourage sustainable behaviour, and could help to frame sustainability policies and measures in a way that maximizes people's willingness to support and contribute to investments in climate change mitigation."

"In this report, we focus on the fundamentals of energy and climate policy as reformulated in the EU Green Deal. The 2024 edition of this report includes updates following the adoption of the Fit for 55 Package, the REPowerEU Plan and the recent reforms of electricity and gas markets in Europe. The reader is guided through the landscape of EU policies to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Starting with the big picture of the foundations of energy and climate policy, we then move to discuss in more detail European climate policy, security of energy supply and energy networks. We continue with energy wholesale and retail markets, and with a closer look at energy innovation. Then we provide a comprehensive overview of sustainable finance, and we finish with an insight into circular economy. Each chapter is divided into several sections, aiming to give the reader a broad overview of the policy areas that are impacted by the EU Green Deal. The references at the end of each section serve as suggestions for further reading on each topic."

"Oil has been the world's dominant fuel for more than 50 years. Substitution of oil for power generation and heating has progressed since the 1970s, but substitution of oil in transport remains elusive. This paper examines the progress of clean energy and compares the unfolding co-evolution of technologies, markets and institutions with what we know about substitution of oil and technological paradigm shifts. While the rhetoric in favour of clean energy is strong, technologies, policies, and supportive infrastructure investments are still in a formative stage. The transformative process will evolve over the next 10–20 years and change irreversibly the demand dynamics for oil. Although decline in the demand for oil is not imminent, the impact of the clean energy transition on international oil is evident, even now. High oil prices accelerate commitment, policies, and market prospects for clean energy options and speed up the market-readiness of substitutes for oil. While 20 years appears a long time for the development and scale-up of alternatives to oil, it is a short period in the context of the required paradigm shift. For international oil, it is well within the time frame for resource rent optimization, strategic planning, and investment decisions. High-cost resource developers need to be aware."

"The aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology and to identify how EC funded projects contributed to technology advancements. Moreover, this version of the LCEO Technology DevelopThe aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology and to identify how EC funded projects contributed to technology advancements. Moreover, this version of the LCEO Technology Development Report complements the last version [JRC 2019a] which explained main characteristics on wind energy with detailed development trends of the main technical indicators in onshore and offshore wind.A main focus is on the progress and technology readiness level (TRL) of R&D wind energy projects in the European context funded through the main European research funding instruments. Particularly for offshore wind energy, the progress within the SET-Plan1 Implementation Working Group (IWG) for Offshore Wind is analysed against its research priorities.As such, this report sets a clear emphasis on the technology status, research landscape and deployment and development trends in the European market and provides an outlook for wind energy under a scenario compatible with the SET-Plan targets and striving for full decarbonisation of the European energy system until 2050.ent Report complements the last version [JRC 2019a] which explained main characteristics on wind energy with detailed development trends of the main technical indicators in onshore and offshore wind. A main focus is on the progress and technology readiness level (TRL) of R&D wind energy projects in the European context funded through the main European research funding instruments. Particularly for offshore wind energy, the progress within the SET-Plan1 Implementation Working Group (IWG) for Offshore Wind is analysed against its research priorities. As such, this report sets a clear emphasis on the technology status, research landscape and deployment and development trends in the European market and provides an outlook for wind energy under a scenario compatible with the SET-Plan targets and striving for full decarbonisation of the European energy system until 2050."

"Voilà des décennies que l'on annonce l'imminence d'un pic de la production pétrolière (le fameux peak oil) sans pour autant que cette annonce ait suscité un investissement massif dans un changement de modèle énergétique. Pourtant, le peak oil a été atteint (en 2008 d'après l'Agence internationale de l'énergie, bien qu'une petite remontée ait pu être observée en 2018) et cette information n'a guère modifié la donne. C'est la lutte contre le changement climatique qui a finalement motivé les efforts de transition énergétique, plus que la perspective de manquer de pétrole très prochainement.
Comme le montre ici Matthieu Auzanneau, directeur du Shift Project, ce déclin de la production de pétrole semble inexorable au vu de l'état des réserves et du niveau des investissements des compagnies pétrolières. Et il aura très probablement de lourdes conséquences sociales, économiques et géopolitiques, en particulier dans les pays européens, très dépendants des approvisionnements extérieurs et encore insuffisamment avancés dans le développement de ressources énergétiques alternatives. Or, le déclin de la production de pétrole se faisant sous forme de courbe en cloche, il risque de se produire brutalement et massivement, et l'on aura beau jeu de regretter de n'avoir pas prêté attention aux annonces de ce déclin qui datent du milieu des années 1950 et que des géologues très investis dans le secteur pétrolier ont fermement accréditées dès 1998… S.D."

"Against the backdrop of turbulent markets and a crucial meeting of the COP26 conference on climate change in Glasgow, the 2021 World Energy Outlook (WEO) provides an indispensable guide to the opportunities, benefits and risks ahead at this vital moment for clean energy transitions.

The WEO is the energy world's most authoritative source of analysis and projections. This flagship publication of the IEA has appeared every year since 1998. Its objective data and dispassionate analysis provide critical insights into global energy supply and demand in different scenarios and the implications for energy security, climate targets and economic development."