Documents electricity 47 results

"Contrary to the assumptions underlying many of current energy and climate policies, the prices of fossil fuels have fallen and may remain at the new ‘normal' levels. In the medium term, Iran and Iraq have considerable potential to increase their outputs, and the new shale technologies will gradually globalize. Longer term, new technologies in electricity generation, storage, and smart demand-side technologies, together with electric cars and the shift towards digitalization and new electricity-based technologies in manufacturing, will increase demand for electricity, but not fossil fuels. These new and emerging technologies, rather than international agreements and the promotion of current generation renewables, will probably bring fossil fuel dominance to a gradual close. To facilitate decarbonization, energy policy should be directed at enhancing R&D and next generation renewables, instead of supporting existing ones."

"Germany taxes electricity use since 1999. The government granted reduced rates to energy intensive firms in the industrial sector for addressing potentially adverse effects on firms' competitiveness. Firms that use more electricity than certain thresholds established by legislation, pay reduced marginal tax rates. As a consequence, the marginal tax rate is a deterministic and discontinuous function of electricity use. We identify and estimate the causal effects of these reduced marginal tax rates on the economic performance of firms using a regression discontinuity design. Our econometric analysis relies on official micro-data at the plant and firm level collected by the German Federal Statistical Office that cover the whole manufacturing sector. We do not find any systematic, statistically significant effects of the electricity tax on firms' turnover, exports, value added, investment and employment. The results suggest that eliminating the reduced marginal electricity tax rates could increase revenues for the government without adversely affecting firms' economic performance."

"This Staff Working Document contains important background information relevant to the Communication on the Internal Energy Market 'Making Energy Markets Work'. It consists of four parts: an Executive Summary (Part I), an overview of the EU electricity and gas markets which includes key statistical data of the European energy markets (Part II), a country chapter (Part III) that provides country-specific analysis for all of the 27 Member States of the EU and a state of play of infringement procedures (Part IV). The Commission is legally bound to report on the progress towards the creation of the internal energy market on the basis of Article 47(6) of the Electricity Directive and Article 52(6) of the Gas Directive "

"Green electricity tariffs are one means by which green consumers can contribute to a more sustainable future. This paper profiles potential adopters of green electricity tariffs. Potential adoption is measured in terms of respondents' willingness to pay a premium for green energy in a national survey of the UK population. Hypotheses based principally on the cognitive–behavioural literature on green consumerism and green energy markets are developed. These are tested using a broad range of variables, which are grouped into three categories (demographic, attitudinal and behavioural). Consistent with past research, the empirical analyses find that attitudinal variables best characterize potential adopters. Further, potential adopters are found to have higher income, be better informed with respect to energy matters, show concern for the environment and believe that individual actions can make a difference to environmental decay. The implications of these findings for marketing and environmental policy are explored."

"Les particules des aérosols générés en milieu industriel sont, pour la plupart, chargées électriquement. Les forces électriques générées par ces particules dominent généralement toutes les autres forces, souvent de plusieurs ordres de grandeur et contrôlent, de ce fait, le comportement de l'aérosol lors de son transport. Par conséquent, ce phénomène est important à prendre en compte dans la plupart des domaines impliquant les aérosols : échantillonnage, filtration et séparation, transport dans les locaux ventilés, coagulation des particules, dépôt dans les voies respiratoires, explosivité des poudres, pesée des filtres, etc.L'étude présentée dans cet article a consisté à déterminer les performances de trois dispositifs de mesure de la charge électrique des particules, pour différents types d'aérosols. L'influence de l'état de charge de l'aérosol était ensuite étudiée dans trois domaines : le dépôt dans les tubes servant à l'échantillonnage, le dépôt dans les cassettes plastiques de type Millipore, très utilisées pour la mesure des concentrations normalisées inhalables et alvéolaires, et la filtration par les médias.Les essais effectués confirment, qu'en matière d'échantillonnage, la charge électrique des particules peut être la cause principale des erreurs de mesure de la concentration et de la taille des particules. Dans le domaine de la filtration des aérosols, l'absence de maîtrise de ce paramètre peut être également source d'erreurs dans l'établissement des performances."