Documents Baggio, Marianna 2 results

"Despite decades of policy efforts, the gender pay gap in the EU, while slowly decreasing, is still persistent. In 2023, the Pay Transparency Directive (Directive (EU) 2023/970) was adopted, with the intent of advancing existing national approaches by mandating comprehensive transparency instruments, expanding reporting requirements, reinvigorating the ‘work of equal value' principle, and shifting the burden of proof from workers to employers in discrimination cases, among the most significant developments. This report assesses the current state of pay transparency measures across EU Member States, evaluating their effectiveness based on limited official evaluations and growing academic research. Findings reveal mixed results, with successful gap reduction in some contexts, but no significant effects in others. Pay transparency success depends critically on design features, including mandatory implementation, public reporting, active employer disclosure and robust enforcement mechanisms. At the same time, effective implementation of pay transparency measures has been seen to face several challenges, including low or limited awareness, resource constraints and difficulties applying the ‘work of equal value' principle. Beyond gender equality, pay transparency, under the right conditions, has the potential to generate opportunities for improved competitiveness, as it can boost talent attraction and retention and facilitate the adoption of technology within firms."

"As countries face increasing pressure when it comes to providing care services, unpaid caregivers make an invaluable contribution. Care is needed at all ages of life, particularly when individuals face health issues or disabilities. The majority of care is provided within families, without financial compensation. This report investigates the situation of unpaid carers, focusing on their characteristics and the type of care and support they provide. It also looks at their time-use patterns, their well-being and the challenges they encounter. The report analyses how unpaid caregivers are defined across the EU and examines national-level policies aimed at supporting them. While the analysis covers all unpaid carers, including those providing childcare and long-term care, a specific focus is placed on two groups: young caregivers and those providing multiple types of unpaid care."