Documents Lalanne, Guy 2 results

"While renewable energy adoption has accelerated globally, significant challenges remain in meeting ambitious deployment targets. This paper analyses bottlenecks in the renewable energy ecosystem and explores policy solutions by examining trade, innovation, M&A, jobs, and skills data. The analysis reveals three key findings: first, the renewable energy ecosystem spans multiple sectors beyond electricity production, with machinery, computer and electronics, and scientific and technical activities playing central roles in innovation activity and job creation; second, supply chain concentration is increasing for both capital goods and critical raw materials, creating dependencies on key supplier countries; and third, while innovation offers a pathway to address these dependencies through developing leading-edge manufacturing capabilities and material substitutes, patenting activity in renewable technologies is declining. Additionally, the sector faces potential skills shortages in engineering and technical trades. The findings suggest successful renewable energy deployment requires coordinated policy approaches addressing innovation support, supply chain resilience, and workforce development."

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"This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the policy instruments adopted by the Netherlands to reach carbon neutrality in its manufacturing sector by 2050. The analysis illustrates the strength of combining a strong commitment to raising carbon prices with ambitious technology support, uncovers the pervasiveness of competitiveness provisions, and highlights the trade-off between short-term emissions cuts and longer-term technology shift. The Netherlands' carbon levy sets an ambitious price trajectory to 2030, but is tempered by extensive preferential treatment to energy-intensive users, yielding a highly unequal carbon price across firms and sectors. The country's technology support focuses on the cost-effective deployment of low-carbon options, which ensures least-cost decarbonisation in the short run but favours relatively mature technologies. The paper offers recommendations for policy adjustments to reach the country's carbon neutrality objective, including the gradual removal of exemptions, enhanced support for emerging technologies and greater visibility over future infrastructure plans."