Documents Malliet, Paul 3 results

"The European Union (EU) has embarked on an ambitious ecological transition based on the European Green Deal, which aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. This Policy brief examines the environmental policies put in place by the von der Leyen Commission and analyzes their impact on the European economy and the different countries. The Green Deal includes measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote the circular economy and protect biodiversity. Although progress has been made, such as reducing emissions and boosting investment in green technologies, a number of challenges remain, as illustrated by the energy crisis that faced the member states following Russia's second invasion of Ukraine, which required an urgent response without necessarily the degree of coordination that might have been expected. In addition, the international economic context is not entirely favorable to the EU's regulatory approach. The growing confrontation between the two economic giants, the United States and China, is reflected in the implementation of decarbonization policies based on massive subsidies for their domestic industry. To meet the ecological challenge in this international context, it is important for the EU to increase public and private investment in sustainable infrastructure, revise its regulatory framework to encourage innovation, and strengthen international cooperation. Europe's ecological transition is at a critical crossroads. Its success will depend on the ability of national governments and EU institutions to work together to find agreements that enable us to stay on course with the Green Deal, without overburdening Europe's peoples.

Recommandations:
- Maintain investment in low-carbon technologies over time, in line with Europe's industrial strategy, and step up investment in the research and development needed to achieve our long-term objectives;
- As part of the reform of the electricity market, provide for massive subsidies for renewable energies to bring electricity prices in the EU (28 c/kWh) into line with those in the USA (16 c/kWh);
- Increase the compensation component of the Social Climate Fund, so as not to penalize populations and activities that are particularly exposed to the new European carbon trading scheme (ETS2, Emission Trading System 2) for transport and heating activities."

This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

"Depuis la mi-mars, de nombreux pays ont mis en place des mesures de
confinement incitant les populations à limiter les interactions physiques afin
d'enrayer la crise sanitaire due à la pandémie de la Covid-19. Ces dernières se
sont traduites par une baisse de la demande qui s'est ensuite diffusée à
l'ensemble de l'économie à travers le tissu productif. Dans cette étude, nous
étudions la transmission des mesures de confinement en vigueur en avril
2020 à l'économie mondiale en mobilisant les tableaux entrées-sorties issus
de la World Input-Output Database (WIOD) publiés en 2016. Selon notre
évaluation, les mesures de confinement et de distanciation sociale mises en
place à leur niveau du mois d'avril conduiraient à une baisse de 19 % de la
valeur ajoutée mondiale. La dépendance vis-à-vis de l'étranger, à travers les
exportations nettes (tourisme compris), constitue une fragilité supplémentaire face à une crise de cette ampleur. Les pays les plus impactés par les
mesures de confinement prises en avril sont les pays européens. En premier
lieu ceux où le confinement a été le plus strict, en particulier la France,
l'Espagne et l'Italie mais également ceux pour lesquels la contribution
extérieure à la baisse de l'activité est plus importante, malgré des politiques
de confinement moins sévères, l'Allemagne étant particulièrement affectée
par ce canal. "