Documents Aloisi, Antonio 22 results

"Policy recommendations
• The adoption of the Platform Work Directive by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (EU) enhances the EU and national labour law systems by introducing a number of concrete advancements. They include a presumption of employment for platform workers, clearer rules on algorithmic management and data rights, stronger collective labour rights, and robust enforcement safeguards.
• By granting algorithmic management and collective rights to genuinely self-employed platform workers, the Directive significantly expands the personal scope of application of labour rights. This initiative should be seen as one of the first steps towards redesigning the normative paradigms that govern labour law.
• By establishing a comprehensive framework for algorithmic management and data rights at both the individual and collective levels, the Directive highlights the urgent need for a new EU instrument regulating data-driven technology in the workplace, applicable to workers across all conventional sectors.
• Given the broad discretion left to national legislators, it is crucial that trade unions, employers and labour advocates take advantage of the Directive's groundwork to prevent the emergence of fragmented, burdensome and ineffective regimes during (and after) the two-year transposition period, which will start from the moment the Directive is published in the Official Journal of the EU and thus is likely to end in autumn 2026."

"The green and digital transitions are increasingly described as the ‘twin transition' in EU policy documents, social partners' strategic plans and academic debates. However, the exact meaning of this term remains ambiguous, and the interconnections between these transitions are largely unexplored. This paper aims to clarify the motivations and pitfalls behind their ‘twinning' and assess where and how their convergence might be successful. It considers the socioeconomic risks, policy trade-offs and implications for the future of work. The analysis covers major EU employment and social policy developments concerning workers' environmental and digital rights, as enshrined in legislation that presents a ‘mix' between two distinct legal areas. A key finding is that the transitions are often treated as separate rather than integrated phenomena, with limited direct spillovers. However, despite shifts in institutional agendas and inconsistencies in understanding, the underlying priorities remain deeply entrenched. This paper identifies regulatory gaps and rigidities that maintain outdated, inflexible and hierarchical organisational paradigms, which are ill-suited to the demands of the twin transitions. It also calls for regenerating labour regulation to foster positive interactions and modernisation of work practices. The proposed normative changes should promote worker-oriented flexibility, universal labour protection and worker participation in technological and green initiatives, paving the way for more sustainable working arrangements."

"L'articolo offre un quadro delle più recenti tendenze del mercato del lavoro legate all'economia digitale. Sono passati in rassegna il crowd-employment e il lavoro a chiamata via piattaforma online, articolazioni flessibili della prestazione presso operatori digitali che facilitano l'incontro di domanda e offerta di lavoro. Al fine di inquadrare i servizi resi dalle piattaforme in una cornice legislativa nazionale e sovranazionale, si descrivono le prime iniziative regolatorie in materia (specificatamente, la Comunicazione sulla Collaborative Economy della Commissione Europea e la proposta di legge italiana sulla Sharing Economy). Si renderà conto della giurisprudenza che si è sviluppata nei confronti del servizio di mobilità condivisa Uber, analizzando in particolare il caso spagnolo, quello italiano e, da ultimo, quello britannico.
Ci si rivolgerà con occhio critico all'armamentario lavoristico per valutarne l'eventuale obsolescenza ovvero apprezzarne l'attualità. Si descriveranno per sommi capi gli sviluppi dell'antico dibattito sulla necessità di attrezzare nuove categorie (ad esempio, un tertium genus tra lavoro autonomo e lavoro subordinato) per rispondere alle esigenze di un mercato in trasformazione. La pluridecennale esperienza italiana della parasubordinazione, pur nella sua “peculiare anomalia”, rappresenterà il metro di paragone: se ne tratteggerà l'evoluzione, per concentrare l'attenzione sul portato del comma 1 dell'art. 2 del d.lgs. 81/2015 (i.e. le collaborazioni organizzate dal committente).
Infine, si avanzerà una proposta di disciplina della cosiddetta “gig-economy”, tentando una riconciliazione tra le formule contrattuali atipiche e l'apparato normativo vigente, con particolare riferimento agli innesti legislativi introdotti dal pacchetto del “Jobs Act”. In particolare, s'individuerà una buona soluzione di politica del diritto nel processo di estensione automatica degli effetti dello statuto protettivo tipico della subordinazione ai lavoratori economicamente o organizzativamente dipendenti."

"This report maps a kaleidoscopic array of platform-mediated working arrangements, by clustering the findings into three main subsets (passenger transport services, professional crowdsourcing, on-demand work at the client's premises). Many initiatives taken by the European institutions and aimed at promoting decent work in the collaborative economy are analysed including (i) the European Commission's Communication 356/2016, (ii) the principles enshrined in the European Pillar of Social Rights, and (iii) the ruling by the European Court of Justice on the nature of the service provided by Uber. After exploring the existing legal framework in several European countries, this study goes into the issue of the legal status of platform–based or –mediated workers by analysing what is at stake in pending litigations on the proper classification. In the end, this report is meant to contrast the sense that new realities of work have outgrown legal concepts. The application of existing regulation must be reinforced, in order to avoid the risk that platform workers are considered by default as falling in a normative vacuum. In the end, creating a level playing field between the traditional and the digitally-enabled companies is the only way to reap full benefits of the on-going digital transformation."

"Digital transformation and the reorganisation of the firm facilitate the emergence of new forms of work that diverge significantly from the standard employment relationship. Concomitantly, advocates of the digital disruption suggest that the existing legal framework is not suitable enough to accommodate “innovative” working templates and business models, also in light of the advent of the gig‐economy. In spite of this, labour law and its regulatory tools can continue to fulfil their role as “innovation facilitators”, enabling social institutions to adjust and firms to meet unprecedented challenges. This article represents the employment relationship as a flexible instrument, capable of adapting to the changing nature of hyper‐digitised systems. When it comes to implementing inventive business strategies, standard forms of employment imply efficiencies and cost advantages compared to non‐standard forms. First, they allow for the fully‐fledged exercise of managerial prerogative and the related internal flexibility in the use of the workforce. Second, they constitute an effective device to deliver training and to develop specific or transferable skills."

"Automazione, algoritmi, piattaforme, smart working: il mondo del lavoro sta vivendo una vera e propria rivoluzione. La paura è che crolli il numero degli occupati e che il lavoro umano venga riconosciuto e apprezzato sempre meno. Si teme la capacità di controllo dei software di intelligenza artificiale. Ma non esistono tecnologie buone e tecnologie cattive; esistono usi distorti e usi consapevoli delle invenzioni e delle innovazioni.
La tecnologia cambia rapidamente e incide in profondità in tutti gli ambiti, con esiti spesso preoccupanti. È quello che accade al mondo del lavoro, tra trasformazione digitale, utilizzo dei robot e dell'intelligenza artificiale e diffusione delle piattaforme. Che cosa sta accadendo alle professioni che non sono state spazzate via dalla tecnologia? Come ci si confronta con strumenti di sorveglianza dei lavoratori sempre più pervasivi? Quante possibilità ci sono che il modello della gig-economy si affermi come nuovo paradigma produttivo? Che cosa potranno fare le parti sociali e le forze politiche per mettere in campo protezioni efficaci? La qualità del lavoro presente e futuro dipende da come esso è concepito, contrattato e organizzato. La trasformazione digitale può essere infatti un alleato indispensabile, dalla fabbrica alla scrivania, dal magazzino all'ufficio, ma va messa alla prova sul terreno della convenienza sociale e politica e non solo su quello della convenienza economica. Questo libro è uno strumento prezioso per orientarsi con coordinate precise sui nuovi scenari, sui rischi che corriamo e sulle scelte necessarie per affrontare il futuro."

"This article compares the International Labour Organization (ILO) and European Union (EU) agendas concerning the digital transformation of work, and addresses possible policy gaps and their implications for international and EU labour law. It critically reviews the current social acquis of both institutions and concentrates on the key analogies between the ILO's Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work and some of the various regulatory initiatives taken by EU institutions in the context of the Pillar of Social Rights. The article finds that, despite the often articulated calls for urgent and original measures, both institutions' programmes present largely a prudent continuation of traditional narratives, failing to strengthen the adequacy of existing labour regulation regimes. Besides their predominantly non-binding nature, the efficacy of the most future-oriented instruments is profoundly undermined by the unreasonable exclusion of those workers who bear most of the brunt of social disparities accelerated by digitalization and casualization of work. In addition, the implementation of these initiatives may be jeopardized by complex governance methods and unresolved tensions between conflicting approaches and objectives. The study concludes that, although positive signs are emerging in the supranational legal order, much remains to be done to address the multifarious challenges arising from the digital transformation."

"In recent years, algorithmic management practices have been widely adopted by employers to monitor remote work, analyse how applicants behave during job interviews, rate worker performance and calculate wage adjustments. As a result, the condition of workers being subjected to the upstream authority of managers has intensified. Employment protection legislation recognizes the importance of curbing the employer's unilateral discretionary power by deploying several controlling factors. However, the traditional guardrails have now been displaced by the transformative impact of data-driven technologies. As a response to this challenge, several measures implemented by the European Union (EU) could be pragmatically adapted to curtail the expansion of artificial intelligence-based management prerogative.
By applying a multidimensional, anticipatory and participatory approach, this paper integrates substantive and procedural rules that contribute to rebalancing informational asymmetries within workplaces and assesses the effectiveness of these rules. Examining case law, administrative decisions and legislative developments, it also discusses the mutually reinforcing relationship between data protection and anti-discrimination measures, which renders automated decisions documentable and contestable. In addition to defensive tactics, this article calls for the involvement of worker representatives in co-designing digital human resource policies. As data are relational, collective bodies are uniquely placed to exchange information, raise awareness and bring claims, with a view to preventing the improper use of algorithms."