Documents Kela 3 results

"This study is taking an internationally comparative view on in-work poverty. Main focus is on so-called EU15 countries but long time span comparisons between selected OECD countries are made as well. Recent debate of in-work poverty in EU is clearly showing that traditional concepts like “wage-earner welfare state” and “male breadwinner model” are losing their importance. Study analyses in-work poverty from four different approaches: 1) How in-work poverty has developed in different OECD countries during the years 1970–2000? 2) How picture of poverty among the working households changes in EU countries by different poverty measures? 3) What are the factors behind working poor problem in EU countries? 4) What is the nature of in-work poverty dynamics in EU-countries? Data that is used is derived from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), Finnish Household Budget Surveys and from European Community Household Panel (ECHP). The results show that there are no common trends of in-work poverty. The theory of Europe sliding towards the Anglo-American working poor situation does not get support from results. Different poverty measures have a limited overlap and variation between in-work poverty rates is large in EU countries. Still, different poverty measures identify quite well same population groups as risk groups of in-work poverty. Differences are more depending on country-specific features than a product of different measures. Over a half of poor households have not suffered from labour market problems. Just labour market problems are the reason behind in-work poverty in about 8 percent of all working poor households. Although, working poor is yet a temporary problem. Two thirds of the working poor households have experienced poverty only once. The current working poor problem in EU countries is in some extent result of the fact that one wage is not always enough to secure household's economic wellbeing. Two-earner model has become a new norm of working, which is reflected on living costs and level of wages. In the era of insecure labour markets and increasing single adult and single parent households this model could turn out to be harmful."

"La présente brochure donne une description d'ensemble de l'évolution, de la situation actuelle et de la perspective d'évolution de la sécurité sociale finlandaise. La Finlande est devenue relativement vite un Etat-providence nordique et la sécurité sociale du pays a atteint, vers la fin des années 1980, le niveau des pays nordiques. Malgré les réductions réalisées pendant la stagnation économique des années 1990, la sécurité sociale et de santé des citoyens continue à être à un niveau européen relativement haut. Les changements de structure d'âge de la population, la mondialisation et l'approfo ndissement et l'extension de l'intégration européenne ont leur influence aussi sur la sécurité sociale finlandaise et sur son financement."

"The baby box is a social innovation: a maternity package with baby clothes and other items for expectant mothers to promote the wellbeing of baby and family. In Finland, the baby box (officially called the maternity package) has been a universal benefit since 1949 and is given to all expectant mothers provided they attend antenatal care (ANC). The baby box is still considered to be a valuable social benefit in Finland today, with 95% of first-time mothers choosing the box instead of a cash grant. Although it is known that the baby box concept has been adapted across the world, there is little information available about how these adaptations have been made and for what purpose the boxes are given out. In order to map these programmes, we conducted a research project on baby boxes globally. Based on our findings, this report introduces the baby box concept, its various adaptations, and its possible uses to improve maternal and child health and wellbeing globally.

The contents of this report are based on a mapping of 91 baby box programmes and an in-depth study of 29 programmes across different world regions in high-, middle- and low-income countries. These programmes were initiated by governmental bodies, non-profit organisations, United Nations (UN) agencies, hospitals, and academic institutions. Although we use the term baby “box” throughout the report, many programmes used a different container, such as a basket or bag, to package the items. The programmes ranged in scale from small to nationwide and targeted various groups, from specific vulnerable communities to all pregnant women in a country. Programmes set various goals, including reducing infant or maternal mortality, promoting the wellbeing of babies and mothers, easing financial and parenting burden, encouraging the uptake of health and community support services, and strengthening communities and reducing inequalities. They intended to achieve their goals through the practical support provided by the box and items, as well as the conditions attached to claiming the box (e.g. attendance at services) and additional education (e.g. booklets or arranged groups) included in the programme.

The impact of the baby box is of timely concern, as governments are increasingly interested in the concept. However, it is difficult to provide an unequivocal answer to the question of whether the baby box “works,” as this depends on the desired outcomes of the programme. In addition, due to resource constraints, few programmes measure the impact of their intervention systematically. In response to this question and these restraints, we outline the potential current contributions of the baby box to the wellbeing of mothers and babies and provide a commentary on its possible future impact. For example, there is emerging evidence globally that baby box programmes can increase the rates of attending ANC or giving birth at a health facility, which may save lives in contexts where these rates are traditionally low. Baby box programmes may also provide psychosocial support for the mother
during the vulnerable time of childbirth. Beyond their potential to support families in their everyday lives, baby box programmes may also be valuable in contexts where families have been forced to flee their homes, such as natural disasters or refugee camps. In addition to our findings, we also discuss high-interest topics surrounding the baby box, including safety issues. Ultimately, we intend for our report to serve as an overview of baby box programmes and a foundation for further research, as well as a reference for those interested in the topic or aiming to implement or evaluate a baby box programme themselves.

The baby box is not a one-size-fits-all solution to intricate health challenges. However, it offers significant health and social gains, especially for those who are commonly the most vulnerable in communities: mothers and babies."