Documents Universität Bremen 19 results

"Das Arbeitspapier nimmt die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs mit seiner starken Integrationswirkung (Weiler 1981; Scharpf 1999; Kelemen & Schmidt 2012) als Ausgangspunkt und stellt die Frage, in welcher Weise dieses Richterrecht in nachfolgender EU-Gesetzgebung aufgegriffen wird. In zwei Fallstudien zum Umgang der Dienstleistungsrichtlinie mit der Kostenerstattung für Gesundheitsleistungen und zur Verankerung von Sozialhilfeansprüchen erwerbsloser Unionsbürger in der Unionsbürgerrichtlinie zeigt sich, dass die Befolgung vorangegangener EuGH-Rechtsprechung durch nationale Verwaltungen und Gerichte die Bereitschaft der Mitgliedstaaten zur Kodifizierung in einem europäischen Gesetz beeinflusst (vgl. auch Conant 2002; Alter 2009). In beiden Fällen kam es jedoch zu Entscheidungen von Regierungen und Kommission, die der Compliance mit der Rechtsprechung und den daraus zu erwartenden Positionen nicht entsprachen. Die dafür verantwortlichen Handlungszwänge liegen einerseits in der unterschiedlichen Öffentlichkeitswirkung von Richterrecht und Gesetzgebung begründet, andererseits in Wechselwirkungen zwischen einzelnen Policyaspekten und der Notwendigkeit zur Prioritätensetzung. Abschließend wird festgestellt, dass es nicht nur zu diesen Aspekten weiterer Forschung bedarf, sondern auch zur Compliance mit europäischem Richterrecht und zu ihrer Auswirkung auf europäische Verhandlungspositionen (vgl. Blauberger 2012; Schreinermacher 2014: 240-244)."

"This paper describes welfare state transformation in OECD countries since the 1970s against the background of the post-war settlement. Relying on quantitative macro-data and qualitative information from the literature, we show that welfare states have con-verged, especially regarding various spending measures, and also to a certain extent in some qualitative policy-making patterns. What has emerged can best be described as the ‘supply-side welfare state' model, and this overall orientation is reflected in many wel-fare state areas. We differ from earlier prognoses of a race to the bottom by generous welfare states and disagree with the view that a supply-side orientation equals ‘lean government' in terms of social expenditure. But convergence implies that the space to maneuver has shrunk for policy-makers. The consequences of the 2008 financial crisis for welfare states are difficult to predict; short-term counter-cyclical measures in reac-tion to the crisis highlight the importance of protective buffers in highly integrated economies. Still, some countries have experienced harsh austerity measures since then, and thus the 2008 financial crisis may mark the end of the convergence period described here."

"The Bologna Process (BP) has induced a remarkable amount of structural higher education policy change in its participating countries. From a program-theoretical perspective, one of the main benefits associated with these changes is thought to be increased student mobility between participating countries. However, due to a lack of suitable data and the highly heterogeneous nature of the newly-formed European Higher Education Area (EHEA), it has thus far remained unclear whether student mobility has indeed increased and, if it has, whether countries benefit evenly. In this paper, we aim to evaluate (1) whether the Bologna Process has led to an increase in degree seeking student mobility within as well as beyond the EHEA and (2) whether the exchange relationships are balanced. Drawing from previous literature on student mobility, we isolate the impact of BP membership from other factors hypothesized to shape mobility flows. Methodologically, we employ a two-fold approach: First, we conduct time-series-cross-section (TSCS) analyses of both in- and outbound degree seeking student mobility ratios, establishing which factors account for the overall attractiveness of higher education systems. Secondly, we take a dyadic approach in order to analyze push and pull factors between pairs of countries. In short, we find that while membership in the Bologna Process does not have an impact on inbound mobility ratios, outbound mobility ratios have indeed increased within the group of BP members. However, although participation in the BP per se does not further inbound mobility or relevance of exchange relationships, cross-national student exchange patterns within this group are more balanced compared to those of non-participants. In conclusion, the BP has failed to establish the EHEA as a favorite destination for degree seeking student mobility."

"Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Arbeitsbeziehungen im seit den 1990er Jahren anhaltenden Prozess der New Public Management-Reformen im deutschen Polizeisektor. Die Analyse derselben stellt eine Herausforderung dar, da keine geeigneten quantitativen Daten über den Verhandlungsprozess der Reformen zwischen Arbeitgeber- und Arbeitnehmerseite existieren und aufgrund des langen Zeitraums auch Leitfadeninterviews nicht optimal erscheinen. Daher wird in diesem Beitrag auf die Dokumentation des Reformprozesses in den Medien von Innenministerium und Polizeigewerkschaft zurückgegriffen. Diese werden den Verfahren der quantitativen Textanalyse sowie der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse unterzogen. Beide Verfahren deuten auf eine Dynamik hin, in der die beiden Parteien aufgrund vorangegangener Kürzungen bereits zu Anfang des Reformprozesses im Jahr 1998 ein konfrontatives Verhältnis zueinander unterhielten. Nach einer langen Periode der kontinuierlichen Verschärfung dieses Konflikts bis ins Jahr 2008 bemühte sich jedoch das Innenministerium in jüngster Vergangenheit stark um eine Annäherung an die Arbeitnehmerseite. Die quantitative Textanalyse konnte dabei in der räumlichen Darstellung dieser Entwicklung überzeugen, während die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse die nötigen Hintergrundinformationen zur Validierung und Interpretation dieses räumlichen Modells liefern konnte."

"This paper maps and explains the reactions of four welfare states – Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden – to three global crisis situations – the oil shocks of the 1970s, the worldwide recession of the early 1990s, and the financial crisis from 2008 onwards. Two main conclusions follow from the analysis: First, using a comprehensive typology of social policy reactions to crises, we show that crisis reactions were surprisingly diverse. There is no uniform policy response, as policies range from retrenchment through non-response to welfare state expansion. Second, explaining the variation regarding expansion vs. retrenchment we focus on the partisan composition of government, and the size of the existing welfare state, which may operate as an important automatic stabilizer during recessions. While none of these factors alone is sufficient, their interaction is able to explain most of the specific social policy responses adopted in the four countries studied."

"This article analyses from a cross-national comparative perspective how deregulation of compulsory education affects two central educational outcomes: efficiency and equality. The conflict between public regulation on the one hand and the market model on the other hand describes one of the most fundamental political struggles. In several fields of societal life, such as compulsory education, the state traditionally holds a strong monopoly in almost all capitalist societies. However, using three waves of PISA school level data we show that the degree of public regulation varies cross-nationally. The central finding of our analyses is that deregulation of education increases educational achievement of individual students across all social classes and thereby fosters the educational efficiency of the national education systems. Nevertheless, it also becomes evident that higher social classes benefit more strongly from deregulation, which increases the degree of educational inequality. These results indeed confirm that deregulation of education provokes an efficiency-versus-equality trade-off in national education systems."