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Publications Office of the European Union

"The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2024 ‘first findings' factsheet provides the latest data on job quality in the EU as well as expert insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by a new world of work. Eurofound has been monitoring the development of job quality since the first round of the EWCS in 1990. The EWCS 2024 reveals the latest trends in job quality based on the seven dimensions of the job quality framework.

The survey also includes questions that capture changes in the way workers perform their work, the implications for work and for life outside of work, and whether or not workers' expectations from work are met in terms of preferences and values. It highlights how the use of digital technologies in the workplace is reshaping job quality in multiple ways."

"The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2024 ‘first findings' factsheet provides the latest data on job quality in the EU as well as expert insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by a new world of work. Eurofound has been monitoring the development of job quality since the first round of the EWCS in 1990. The EWCS 2024 reveals the latest trends in job quality based on the seven dimensions of the job quality fram...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"This policy brief examines how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2024, it examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles important consequences for workers who have a hybrid working arrangement. The policy brief explores the main drivers of this type of work organisation and the implications for working conditions, job quality, work sustainability, and performance when compared with other forms of work organisation (e.g. fully remote and office-based arrangements)."

"This policy brief examines how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2024, it examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles important consequences for workers who have a hybrid working arrangement. The policy brief explores the main drivers of this type of work organisation and the im...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive's provision of granting at least two weeks' mandatory maternity leave before and/or after childbirth; a majority exceed this requirement. And in the majority of Member States, replacement rates stand at 100% of the former salary – at least for a certain period of time. Asked by the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality of the European Parliament (FEMM) to conduct a study on national regulations regarding maternity leave against the background of the possible revision of the directive, Eurofound drew upon recent information provided by its Network of European correspondents to produce the report."

"The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive's provision of granting at least two weeks' mandatory maternity leave before and/or after childbirth; a majority exceed this requirement. And in the majority of Member States, replacement ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"This report examines the main trends and milestones characterising the evolution of the most important aspects of collectively agreed working time in the European Union during the first decade of the 21st century. Drawing primarily on information collected by Eurofound across all EU Member States and Norway, it focuses in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. The report describes the institutional regimes of regulation and assesses the evolution of agreed working hours (hours expected to be spent on work according to collective agreements or agreed between employers and employees) and usual working hours (hours usually spent in practice in work activities) between 1999 and 2014. The report points to the tension that exists between the pressure for decreased working hours in favour of a better work–life balance and fewer health problems for workers and the need for working time flexibility to meet the demands of a modern world economy. An executive summary is available - See Related content."

"This report examines the main trends and milestones characterising the evolution of the most important aspects of collectively agreed working time in the European Union during the first decade of the 21st century. Drawing primarily on information collected by Eurofound across all EU Member States and Norway, it focuses in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. The report describes the ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"The European Working Time Directive lays down minimum safety and health requirements for the organisation of working time in the EU by, for example, establishing that all workers have the right to a limit to weekly working time of 48 hours. However, it also contains the possibility for Member States to allow for the opting out of that maximum as long as the individual workers agree. This report looks at how the Member States make use of the possibility of opting out, the extent of its use and its main impacts. Although national data about its use are scarce, the opt-out and long working hours continue to be the subject of heated debates involving governments and social partners across the EU. According to the research currently available, there are strong reasons to think that the limitation of working time is beneficial for everyone, including workers, employers, patients and clients."

"The European Working Time Directive lays down minimum safety and health requirements for the organisation of working time in the EU by, for example, establishing that all workers have the right to a limit to weekly working time of 48 hours. However, it also contains the possibility for Member States to allow for the opting out of that maximum as long as the individual workers agree. This report looks at how the Member States make use of the ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"This report describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2013 in the 28 EU Member States and in Norway, from both a national and EU-level perspective. Beginning with an overview of the current economic and political context in these countries, the report goes on to outline trends in industrial relations, including changes in the role and organisation of the social partners and the impact of government measures and legislation. The report highlights policies and initiatives, legislative developments and social dialogue in the following areas: industrial action, pay and wage-setting, working time, health and safety at work, conditions of employment – including job security, contractual arrangements, job mobility and transition – gender equality and discrimination, entry into and exit from employment, and skills development."

"This report describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2013 in the 28 EU Member States and in Norway, from both a national and EU-level perspective. Beginning with an overview of the current economic and political context in these countries, the report goes on to outline trends in industrial relations, including changes in the role and organisation of the social partners and the impact of government ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage?setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage?bargaining regimes have remained relatively stable over time in many countries, the most substantial changes were seen in Member States facing more difficult economic circumstances. This report provides comparative time series on wage?bargaining outcomes across the EU Member States and Norway, discussing pay developments against the background of different wage?bargaining regimes and looks into the link between pay and productivity developments. It also investigates the different systems and levels of minimum wages in Europe at present, carrying out an accounting exercise through a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage set at 60% of the median national wage (with some alternative scenarios as well for comparison) in order to benchmark and evaluate minimum wage levels and systems in Europe, and to discuss the possibilities and difficulties of coordination in this matter"

"The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage?setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage?bargaining regimes have remained relatively stable over time in many countries, the most substantial changes were seen in Member States facing more difficult economic circumstances. This ...

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European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

"This annual review describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2012 in the former 27 EU Member States and in Croatia and Norway, at both national and EU level. The report first sketches the current economic situation in these 29 countries, pointing to relevant political and legislative developments in individual countries. It discusses trends in industrial relations, including changes in the role and organisation of the social partners and the impact of government measures and legislation. The report highlights policies and initiatives, legislative developments and collective bargaining landmarks in five areas – employment conditions, wages, health and safety, skills and competencies, and working time – from the dual perspective of working conditions and industrial relations developments.

The study was compiled on the basis of individual national reports submitted by the EIRO and EWCO correspondents. The text of each of these national reports is available below. The reports have not been edited or approved by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. The national reports were drawn up in response to a questionnaire and should be read in conjunction with it."

"This annual review describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2012 in the former 27 EU Member States and in Croatia and Norway, at both national and EU level. The report first sketches the current economic situation in these 29 countries, pointing to relevant political and legislative developments in individual countries. It discusses trends in industrial relations, including changes in the role and org...

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European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

"According to EIRO's annual analysis of pay trends, average collective agreed nominal pay increases in 2011 did not differ greatly from 2010 in most of the 13 countries with available data. Most variations ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 percentage points, except for Belgium with the highest growth in nominal pay increases, and Portugal and Malta where the biggest reductions took place. In most Member States, the nominal increases agreed for 2011 did not compensate for the rise in prices. The report also examines collectively agreed pay increases in three selected sectors (chemicals, retail and civil service). The civil service sector stands out particularly as one in which a significant number of countries registered pay freezes or cuts. The effects of the recession on wage setting are still being felt throughout the European Union and all the evidence points to the continuation of very modest pay increases, freezes and cuts."

"According to EIRO's annual analysis of pay trends, average collective agreed nominal pay increases in 2011 did not differ greatly from 2010 in most of the 13 countries with available data. Most variations ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 percentage points, except for Belgium with the highest growth in nominal pay increases, and Portugal and Malta where the biggest reductions took place. In most Member States, the nominal increases agreed for 2011 did ...

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European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

"According to EIRO's annual analysis of pay trends, average collective agreed nominal pay increases in 2011 did not differ greatly from 2010 in most of the 13 countries with available data. Most variations ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 percentage points, except for Belgium with the highest growth in nominal pay increases, and Portugal and Malta where the biggest reductions took place. In most Member States, the nominal increases agreed for 2011 did not compensate for the rise in prices. The report also examines collectively agreed pay increases in three selected sectors (chemicals, retail and civil service). The civil service sector stands out particularly as one in which a significant number of countries registered pay freezes or cuts. The effects of the recession on wage setting are still being felt throughout the European Union and all the evidence points to the continuation of very modest pay increases, freezes and cuts."

"According to EIRO's annual analysis of pay trends, average collective agreed nominal pay increases in 2011 did not differ greatly from 2010 in most of the 13 countries with available data. Most variations ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 percentage points, except for Belgium with the highest growth in nominal pay increases, and Portugal and Malta where the biggest reductions took place. In most Member States, the nominal increases agreed for 2011 did ...

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Documents Cabrita, Jorge 27 results

European Working Conditions Survey 2024: first findings Parent-Thirion, Agnès ; Gerstenberger, Barbara ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Eiffe, Franz Ferdinand ; Riso, Sara ; Fric, Karel ; Hurley, John ; White, Christopher Eurofound | 2025 NEW

The hybrid workplace: ensuring benefits for workers and organisations Cabrita, Jorge ; Demetriades, Stavroula ; Eiffe, Franz Ferdinand ; Weber, Tina Eurofound | 2025 H NEW

Maternity leave provisions in the EU Member States: duration and allowances Aumayr, Christine ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Fric, Karel ; Torres-Revenga, Yolanda Eurofound | 2015 H NEW

Working time developments in the 21st century: work duration and its regulation in the EU Cabrita, Jorge ; Boehmer, Simon ; Galli da Bino, Camilla Eurofound | 2016 H NEW

Opting out of the European Working Time Directive Cabrita, Jorge ; Torres-Revenga, Yolanda Eurofound | 2015 H NEW

Industrial relations and working conditions developments in Europe 2015 Aumayr, Christine ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Curtarelli, Maurizio ; Fric, Karel ; Fromm, Andrea ; Galli da Bino, Camilla ; Welz, Christian Eurofound | 2015 NEW

Pay in Europe in the 21st century Aumayr, Christine ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Fernández Macías, Enrique ; Vacas-Soriano, Carlos European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin | 2014 NEW

Industrial relations and working conditions developments in Europe 2012 Curtarelli, Maurizio ; Fric, Karel ; Galli da Bino, Camilla ; Aumayr, Christine ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Kerckhofs, Peter ; Preller, Joeran European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin | 2013 NEW

Working time developments – 2011 Cabrita, Jorge European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin | 2012 NEW

Pay developments - 2011 Cabrita, Jorge ; Fric, Karel European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin | 2012 NEW