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Publications Office of the European Union

"The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2024 ‘first findings' factsheet provides the latest data on job quality in the EU as well as expert insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by a new world of work. Eurofound has been monitoring the development of job quality since the first round of the EWCS in 1990. The EWCS 2024 reveals the latest trends in job quality based on the seven dimensions of the job quality framework.

The survey also includes questions that capture changes in the way workers perform their work, the implications for work and for life outside of work, and whether or not workers' expectations from work are met in terms of preferences and values. It highlights how the use of digital technologies in the workplace is reshaping job quality in multiple ways."

"The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2024 ‘first findings' factsheet provides the latest data on job quality in the EU as well as expert insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by a new world of work. Eurofound has been monitoring the development of job quality since the first round of the EWCS in 1990. The EWCS 2024 reveals the latest trends in job quality based on the seven dimensions of the job quality fram...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"The use of supplementary employee reward systems has increased across Europe in recent decades, both in terms of the number of companies using them and the number of employees covered. Supplementary reward systems include performance-related pay, profit-sharing, payment by results and benefits in kind. These forms of remuneration can help to motivate and reward workers and to link pay to company results. This report examines the different types of supplementary pay schemes, their prevalence in different countries and sectors across the EU and Norway, and their relevance to different groups of employees. It also examines how systems are regulated in each country, how far they are integrated into collective agreements, and the views of social partners."

"The use of supplementary employee reward systems has increased across Europe in recent decades, both in terms of the number of companies using them and the number of employees covered. Supplementary reward systems include performance-related pay, profit-sharing, payment by results and benefits in kind. These forms of remuneration can help to motivate and reward workers and to link pay to company results. This report examines the different types ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"Europe's population is ageing and has experienced natural decline since 2014, cushioned only by net migration. The working-age population is shrinking as the number of older individuals grows, a trend expected to continue with the retirement of the baby boom generation. This shift presents challenges for policymakers in relation to employment, living standards and welfare sustainability across EU Member States.

This report aims to answer the question of how to keep older workers in employment as long as possible. It provides a comprehensive analysis of employment developments. It examines job quality differences across various age groups and analyses differences in job quality within the group of older workers. The report also explores the push and pull factors influencing employment trends across Europe and delves into the policies and practices implemented by Member States to keep older workers in the workforce. It highlights the critical role of social partners in shaping these outcomes and, finally, provides general pointers for policymakers to consider."

"Europe's population is ageing and has experienced natural decline since 2014, cushioned only by net migration. The working-age population is shrinking as the number of older individuals grows, a trend expected to continue with the retirement of the baby boom generation. This shift presents challenges for policymakers in relation to employment, living standards and welfare sustainability across EU Member States.

This report aims to answer the ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive's provision of granting at least two weeks' mandatory maternity leave before and/or after childbirth; a majority exceed this requirement. And in the majority of Member States, replacement rates stand at 100% of the former salary – at least for a certain period of time. Asked by the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality of the European Parliament (FEMM) to conduct a study on national regulations regarding maternity leave against the background of the possible revision of the directive, Eurofound drew upon recent information provided by its Network of European correspondents to produce the report."

"The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive's provision of granting at least two weeks' mandatory maternity leave before and/or after childbirth; a majority exceed this requirement. And in the majority of Member States, replacement ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"This report describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2013 in the 28 EU Member States and in Norway, from both a national and EU-level perspective. Beginning with an overview of the current economic and political context in these countries, the report goes on to outline trends in industrial relations, including changes in the role and organisation of the social partners and the impact of government measures and legislation. The report highlights policies and initiatives, legislative developments and social dialogue in the following areas: industrial action, pay and wage-setting, working time, health and safety at work, conditions of employment – including job security, contractual arrangements, job mobility and transition – gender equality and discrimination, entry into and exit from employment, and skills development."

"This report describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2013 in the 28 EU Member States and in Norway, from both a national and EU-level perspective. Beginning with an overview of the current economic and political context in these countries, the report goes on to outline trends in industrial relations, including changes in the role and organisation of the social partners and the impact of government ...

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European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

"This annual review describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2012 in the former 27 EU Member States and in Croatia and Norway, at both national and EU level. The report first sketches the current economic situation in these 29 countries, pointing to relevant political and legislative developments in individual countries. It discusses trends in industrial relations, including changes in the role and organisation of the social partners and the impact of government measures and legislation. The report highlights policies and initiatives, legislative developments and collective bargaining landmarks in five areas – employment conditions, wages, health and safety, skills and competencies, and working time – from the dual perspective of working conditions and industrial relations developments.

The study was compiled on the basis of individual national reports submitted by the EIRO and EWCO correspondents. The text of each of these national reports is available below. The reports have not been edited or approved by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. The national reports were drawn up in response to a questionnaire and should be read in conjunction with it."

"This annual review describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2012 in the former 27 EU Member States and in Croatia and Norway, at both national and EU level. The report first sketches the current economic situation in these 29 countries, pointing to relevant political and legislative developments in individual countries. It discusses trends in industrial relations, including changes in the role and org...

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European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

"According to EIRO's annual analysis of pay trends, average collective agreed nominal pay increases in 2011 did not differ greatly from 2010 in most of the 13 countries with available data. Most variations ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 percentage points, except for Belgium with the highest growth in nominal pay increases, and Portugal and Malta where the biggest reductions took place. In most Member States, the nominal increases agreed for 2011 did not compensate for the rise in prices. The report also examines collectively agreed pay increases in three selected sectors (chemicals, retail and civil service). The civil service sector stands out particularly as one in which a significant number of countries registered pay freezes or cuts. The effects of the recession on wage setting are still being felt throughout the European Union and all the evidence points to the continuation of very modest pay increases, freezes and cuts."

"According to EIRO's annual analysis of pay trends, average collective agreed nominal pay increases in 2011 did not differ greatly from 2010 in most of the 13 countries with available data. Most variations ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 percentage points, except for Belgium with the highest growth in nominal pay increases, and Portugal and Malta where the biggest reductions took place. In most Member States, the nominal increases agreed for 2011 did ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"This annual review describes the developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2011 in the EU Member States and Norway, at both national and EU level, with a focus on the economic situation and responses to it. The report describes the current economic situation in EU Member States and highlights relevant political and legislative developments in individual countries. It describes labour market trends in Europe and developments in career and employment security, health and well-being at work, skills development and work–life balance. It also examines changes in the organisation and role of social partners, developments in collective bargaining (at cross-sectoral, sectoral and company levels), working time, pay developments, social dialogue developments, industrial conflicts and company restructuring in 2011. At European level, the report summarises the main events over the course of 2011, charting trends in European social policy, employment legislation and social dialogue."

"This annual review describes the developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2011 in the EU Member States and Norway, at both national and EU level, with a focus on the economic situation and responses to it. The report describes the current economic situation in EU Member States and highlights relevant political and legislative developments in individual countries. It describes labour market trends in Europe and developments ...

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Eurofound

"In 2018, 22 out of the 28 EU Member States apply a generally binding statutory minimum wage. In Cyprus, a statutory minimum wage exists but is limited to specific occupations. In the remaining five EU Member States (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy and Sweden), while there is no statutory minimum wage, the minimum wage level is de facto set in (sectoral) collective agreements. It is important to note that the coverage of these agreements varies between countries and, as some employees are not covered, they may not be entitled to any minimum wage. According to an article by Garnero et al (2015), the combination of sectoral minima and high collective bargaining coverage can be regarded as the functional equivalent of a binding statutory minimum wage, at least for earnings inequalities. The focus of this article is on those countries having a generally applicable statutory minimum wage. There is a huge variation in the statutory minimum wage rates valid at 1 January 2018 across EU Member States."

"In 2018, 22 out of the 28 EU Member States apply a generally binding statutory minimum wage. In Cyprus, a statutory minimum wage exists but is limited to specific occupations. In the remaining five EU Member States (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy and Sweden), while there is no statutory minimum wage, the minimum wage level is de facto set in (sectoral) collective agreements. It is important to note that the coverage of these agreements varies ...

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Publications Office of the European Union

"While discrimination against women at work has long been a mainstream topic in research literature, only marginal attention has been paid to discrimination against men. A number of factors may be responsible for this, including change in traditional occupational roles, cultural perceptions of the ‘natures' of men and women, and men's own perception (or lack of perception) of discrimination. This short report investigates whether men face discrimination based on sex in the workplace. It looks at the results of Eurofound's 2015 European Working Conditions Survey and then examines cases from five countries (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, France and the UK). Discrimination is examined in such areas as recruitment, education, healthcare-related services, working time and parenting, and sexual harassment. The cases demonstrate that men do indeed experience discrimination because of their sex. The cases appear to be more concentrated in female-dominated contexts and in instances of adjustment of working time in relation to parental duties."

"While discrimination against women at work has long been a mainstream topic in research literature, only marginal attention has been paid to discrimination against men. A number of factors may be responsible for this, including change in traditional occupational roles, cultural perceptions of the ‘natures' of men and women, and men's own perception (or lack of perception) of discrimination. This short report investigates whether men face ...

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Documents Fric, Karel 14 results

European Working Conditions Survey 2024: first findings Parent-Thirion, Agnès ; Gerstenberger, Barbara ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Eiffe, Franz Ferdinand ; Riso, Sara ; Fric, Karel ; Hurley, John ; White, Christopher Eurofound | 2025 NEW

Variable attitudes towards variable pay in Europe Corral, Antonio ; Durán, Jessica ; Isusi, Iñigo ; Fric, Karel ; Demetriades, Stavroula ; Aumayr, Christine Eurofound | 2016 NEW

Keeping older workers in the labour force Eiffe, Franz Ferdinand ; Adăscăliței, Dragoș ; Fric, Karel ; Muller, Jessye ; Rodriguez Contreras, Ricardo ; Weber, Tina Eurofound | 2025 NEW

Maternity leave provisions in the EU Member States: duration and allowances Aumayr, Christine ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Fric, Karel ; Torres-Revenga, Yolanda Eurofound | 2015 H NEW

Industrial relations and working conditions developments in Europe 2015 Aumayr, Christine ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Curtarelli, Maurizio ; Fric, Karel ; Fromm, Andrea ; Galli da Bino, Camilla ; Welz, Christian Eurofound | 2015 NEW

Industrial relations and working conditions developments in Europe 2012 Curtarelli, Maurizio ; Fric, Karel ; Galli da Bino, Camilla ; Aumayr, Christine ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Kerckhofs, Peter ; Preller, Joeran European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin | 2013 NEW

Pay developments - 2011 Cabrita, Jorge ; Fric, Karel European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin | 2012 NEW

Industrial relations and working conditions developments in Europe 2011 Curtarelli, Maurizio ; Cabrita, Jorge ; Kerckhofs, Peter ; Galli da Bino, Camilla ; Fric, Karel ; Broughton, Andrea European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin | 2012 H NEW

Statutory minimum wages in the EU 2018: first findings Fric, Karel ; Gaughan, Sinead Eurofound | 2018 NEW

Discrimination against men at work: experiences in five countries Fric, Karel ; Galli da Bino, Camilla Eurofound | 2018 NEW