Documents economic evaluation 40 results

"We test the validity of the sibling sex ratio instrument suggested by Angrist and Evans using the methods proposed by Kitagawa and Huber and Mellace. The sex ratio of the first two siblings is arguably randomly assigned and influences the probability of having a third child, which makes it a candidate instrument for fertility when estimating the effect of fertility on female labor supply. However, identification hinges on the random assignment of the instrument, an instrumental exclusion restriction, and the monotonicity of fertility in the instrument. We find that the instrumental variable tests of Kitagawa and Huber and Mellace do not point to a violation of these assumptions in the Angrist and Evans data (which can, however, not be ruled out even asymptotically as the tests cannot detect all possible violations)."

"The techniques of economic evaluation have been increasingly widely applied in the health sector over recent decades, with hundreds of published evaluations performed in many countries and ranging across prevention programmes, diagnostics, treatment interventions, and the organization of health care. This paper examines the main methods in current use, and describes the gradual systematization of economic evaluation methodologies and the increasing importance of reimbursement agencies with explicit technical requirements. It reviews controversies in areas such as discounting, analytic perspective, identifying a cost-effectiveness threshold, differential treatment of particular disease areas or treatment groups, and the valuation of outcomes. It then considers in more detail the development of the World Health Organization's generalized cost-effectiveness framework, and the emergence of an international ‘reference case' commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as a way of increasing the generalizability and comparability of such studies. Finally the paper discusses some current controversies and possible future developments in this field."

"Sustainability requires maintaining opportunities for future generations, so they can meet their needs. Opportunities are passed to future generations through a set of capital assets. Nature provides an important class of these assets, but markets seldom reveal the marginal value of natural capital. Rather, the marginal social worth or asset price must be imputed based on intertemporal exchange. In the context of assessing whether intertemporal allocation rules lead to sustainable development, appropriate asset prices must be based on the actual allocations and trade-offs society makes. Therefore, measuring economic programmes that enable the measurement of asset prices is an important empirical task. We review the theory of measuring natural capital asset prices and discuss the key elements of measuring economic programmes that enable the measurement of natural capital asset prices. We place the measurement of economic programmes and natural capital asset prices in the context of wealth-based sustainability metrics."

"The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, the economic insights about the employment impact of technological change are disentangled starting from the classical economists to nowadays theoretical and empirical analyses. On the other hand, an empirical test is provided; in particular, longitudinal data – covering manufacturing and service sectors over the 1998-2011 period for 11 European countries – are used to run GMM-SYS and LSDVC estimates. Two are the main results: 1) a significant labour-friendly impact of R&D expenditures (mainly related to product innovation) is found; yet, this positive employment effect appears to be entirely due to the medium-and high-tech sectors, while no effect can be detected in the low-tech industries; 2) capital formation is found to be negatively related to employment; this outcome points to a possible labour-saving effect due to the embodied technological change incorporated in gross investment (mainly related to process innovation)."

"This paper is a first attempt to study the size and development of the shadow economies of 157 countries over 1999 to 2013. Using a MIMIC model, we find that higher tax and regulatory burden, unemployment and self-employment rates are drivers of the shadow economy, meaning that an increase of these causal variables increases the shadow economy. Our result also confirms previous findings of Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn and Claudia Montenegro (2010). The estimated average of informality of 157 countries around the world, including developing, eastern European, central Asian and high income OECD countries averaged over 1999 to 2013 is 33.77% of official GDP. A critical discussion about the size of these macro-estimates comes to the conclusion that most likely the "true" shadow economy of these countries is only 69% of their estimated macro-MIMIC-values."

"This article measures the extent of – and unrecorded income generated by – informal employment in a micro economy characterized by poor governance. Household survey and census data are used to estimate the number of informal workers in Northern Cyprus and analyse the characteristics of informal employment, for the period 2004–11. Informal workers are mostly comprised of citizens with no social security registration, illegally employed immigrants or second-job holders who have not registered their second jobs. In terms of value added, the estimated size of the informal economy is 9.1 per cent and 12.2 per cent of GNP in 2006 and 2011, respectively."