Documents cost 87 results

"Based on case studies in 12 nursing homes in the United Kingdom, the authors illustrate how financial cutbacks affect job quality and the quality of care. The dimensions of job quality that suffered most were those directly related to the ability of workers to provide care: reductions in staffing, longer working hours, and work intensification. Cuts to labor costs eroded the quality of workers' jobs in all 12 homes but with two differential outcomes: in seven homes, care quality was maintained, and in five homes, it deteriorated. Care quality was maintained in homes where a patient-centered care approach and remaining job quality allowed workers to develop work-arounds to protect residents from spillover effects. Care quality declined in homes where custodial approaches to care and low job quality did not provide workers the time or resources to protect residents or to maintain prior levels of care. A tipping point was reached, leading to a spillover into impoverished care."

"Cet article revient sur l'ampleur des inégalités entre les hommes et les femmes en France en matière de revenus du travail et de pensions de retraites. Il discute et défend l'argument selon lequel au fondement de ces inégalités se trouve la maternité, c'est-à-dire le fait que les enfants sont enfantés, portés et mis au monde par les seules femmes. Sur cette base est proposée une estimation macro-comptable possible des coûts indirects des enfants pour les femmes, ou coûts d'opportunité en termes de pertes de carrière, de revenus du travail et de retraites. L'article discute en conclusion le dilemme qui se pose aux politiques publiques entre chercher à compenser ces coûts indirects, au risque de conforter les inégalités qui sont à l'origine de ces coûts, ou plutôt chercher à diminuer ces coûts indirects en s'attaquant auxcauses des inégalités entre femmes et hommes."

"Les biens et services consacrés par la société française pour la production et l'éducation des enfants de moins de 20 ans sont évalués à environ 480 milliards d'euros en 2012, soit de l'ordre de 30 000 euros par an et par enfant. Près de 40 % de ce coût correspond aux biens et services autoproduits par les ménages à travers leurs activités domestiques non rémunérées, 23 % aux biens et services acquis sur le marché par les ménages (dépenses de consommation nettes des transferts monétaires non affectés des administrations) et 38 % aux dépenses publiques. Trois questions de politiques publiques sont discutées à l'aune de cette évaluation du coût direct des enfants et de son financement : l'immigration ; le financement de la politique familiale ; le vieillissement et le coût des personnes âgées retraitées."

"The proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is the most significant trade policy initiative since the Uruguay Round (1986 to 1994). It would create a free trade zone covering 45% of world GDP. However, critics dismiss the possible welfare gains as small compared to the risks. In this paper, we provide results based on a structurally estimated general equilibrium trade model. Assuming that the TTIP will reduce transatlantic trade costs by as much as existing bilateral agreements have reduced trade costs between their trade partners, we find that a TTIP could result in very substantial gains for Germany (+3.5%), Europe (3.9%), and the world (+1.6%), but that it could also harm third countries."

"We show the effects of trade cost reduction in the presence of a domestic firm's strategic output allocation between formal in-house production and subcontracting to the informal sector. Considering a one-way trade, we show that trade cost reduction increases the in-house unionised wage, in-house employment, union utility, the formal–informal wage gap and consumer surplus, it reduces informal production and the profit of the domestic firm, and it creates an ambiguous effect on welfare. Whether trade cost reduction increases the income gap between the domestic producer and the labour union is ambiguous, and depends on the trade cost and the cost of subcontracting. Considering a two-way trade with symmetric segmented markets, we show that a symmetric trade cost reduction reduces the domestic unionised wage, domestic in-house employment, union utility, it increases informal production, consumer surplus and it creates ambiguous effects of the profits."